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| Preface to the Third Edition | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| List of Illustrations | |
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| List of Maps | |
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| Pre-Roman Italy | |
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| The Geographical Environment of Roman History | |
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| The Mediterranean Area | |
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| Italy | |
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| The Early Inhabitants of Italy | |
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| Stone Age | |
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| Bronze Age Man | |
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| The Iron Age and the "Villanovans" | |
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| The Peoples and Tongues of Italy | |
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| Greeks and Etruscans in Early Italy | |
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| The Greeks | |
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| Who were the Etruscans | |
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| Etruscans Civilizations | |
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| Etruscan Expansion | |
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| The Roman Conquest of Italy | |
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| Latium and Rome | |
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| The Geography of Latium | |
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| The Early History of Latium | |
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| Rome, The Site of the City | |
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| The Origins of Rome, The Traditional Story | |
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| The Origins of Rome, From Village to City | |
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| Rome in the Period if the Kings | |
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| The Kings and Tradition | |
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| The City | |
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| Economic Conditions | |
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| Early Roman Religion | |
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| Social and Political Groupings | |
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| The Monarchy | |
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| Military and Political Developments | |
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| Rome and her Neighbors | |
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| The End of Etruscan Rome | |
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| The Sources for Early Roman History | |
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| Documentary Records | |
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| Oral Traditions | |
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| Literary Sources | |
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| The Conflict of the Orders, The First Stage | |
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| The First Republican Constitution | |
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| Economic Conditions | |
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| The Plebeian Counter-organization | |
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| The Twelve Tables | |
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| Plebeian Advances | |
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| The Early Wars of the Republic | |
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| Rome and Latium | |
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| Sabines, Aequi and Volsci | |
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| The Conquest of Veii | |
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| The Siege of Rome by the Gauls | |
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| The Conflict of the Orders. The Second Stage | |
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| New Discontents after the Gallic War | |
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| Economic Legislation | |
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| Plebein Victories | |
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| The Patricio-Phebeian Nobility | |
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| The Resultant Constitution | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Latin, Samnite and Pyrrhic Wars | |
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| The Establishment of Roman Ascendancy in Central Italy | |
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| The Oscan-speaking Sabellians | |
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| The First Samnite War and the Great Latin War | |
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| The Second Samnite War | |
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| The Third Samnite War | |
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| The War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus | |
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| The Roman State in the Third Century B.C. | |
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| The Roman Constitution. Apparent Defects | |
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| The Working of the Constitution | |
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| The Roman Conquest of Italy | |
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| The Political Organization of Italy | |
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| Economic Conditions in Rome and Italy | |
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| Architecture and Art | |
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| Social and Religious Life | |
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| Early Roman Literature | |
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| The Conquest of Mediterranean | |
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| The First Punic War and the Conquest of North Italy | |
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| Sources of Information | |
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| The Carthaginian State | |
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| The Affair of Messana | |
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| The Growth of Roman War Aims | |
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| The Invasion of Africa | |
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| Later Operations in Sicily | |
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| The First Punic War. Conclusion | |
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| The Seizure of Sardinia and Corsica | |
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| The Last Gallic Invasion | |
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| The Illyrian Wars | |
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| The Second Punic War | |
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| The Carthaginian Conquest of Spain | |
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| The Affair of Saguntum | |
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| Hannibal's Invasion of Italy. Cannae | |
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| The Roman Effort after Cannae | |
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| Sequal of the War in Italy | |
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| The War in Greece and Sicily | |
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| The Scipios in Spain | |
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| The War in Africa | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Conquest of the Western Mediterranean | |
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| Rome's Expanding Dominance | |
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| The Final Reduction of Cisalpine Gaul | |
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| The Ligurian Wars | |
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| The Spanish Wars, 197-179 B.C. | |
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| The Spanish Wars, 154-133 B.C. | |
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| Rome, Carthage and Namidia | |
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| The Third Punic War | |
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| The Macedonian Wars | |
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| Early Contacts between Rome and Greece | |
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| The First Macedonian War | |
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| The Overtures of Pergamum and Rhodes to Rome | |
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| The Second Macedonian War | |
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| Antiochus III and the Aetolians | |
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| The Third Macedonian War | |
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| The Fourth Macedonian War | |
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| Rome and the Greek Homeland | |
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| The Roman War in Asia in the Second Century | |
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| The Origins of the War Against Antiochus | |
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| The First Roman Campaign in Asia | |
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| The First Roman Settlement of Asia | |
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| The Romans in Asia Minor down to 129 B.C. | |
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| Relations with Syria and Egypt | |
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| The Government of the Roman Provinces | |
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| The Client States and Kings | |
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| The Status of the Provincial Communities | |
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| The Provincial Governors | |
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| Conscription and Taxation in the Provinces | |
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| The Defects of Roman Rule in the Provinces | |
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| Attempts at Reform | |
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| Domestic Politics in the Second Century | |
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| The Popular Assemblies | |
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| The New Nobility | |
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| Political Groups at Rome | |
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| The Executive | |
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| Reforms in the Judicial System | |
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| Financial Administration | |
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| The City of Rome | |
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| Italy | |
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| Foreign Affairs. The Army | |
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| Roman Society in the Second Century | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Slave Labour on the Land | |
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| Industry and Commerce | |
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| Roman Private Life | |
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| The City of Rome | |
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| Roman and Italian Art | |
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| Early Latin Poetry | |
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| Early Prose Literature | |
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| Science and Philosophy | |
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| Religion | |
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| The Fall of the Republic | |
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| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | |
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| Tiberius Gracchus. His Political Aims | |
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| The Gracchan Land Laws | |
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| The First Sentorial Reaction | |
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| The First Italian Franchise Bill | |
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| The Social Reforms of Gaius Gracchus | |
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| The Political Legislation of Gaius Gracchus | |
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| The Second Senatorial Reaction | |
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| The Conquest of Narbonese Gaul | |
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| Marius and the New Roman Army | |
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| The Restored Senatorial Government | |
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| Affairs in the Eastern Mediterranean | |
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| The War against Jugurtha. The Fist Phase | |
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| The War against Jugurtha. Metllus and Marius | |
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| The Invasion of the Northmen | |
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| Saturninus and Marius's Sixth Consulship | |
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| The Italian Wars, 911-83 B.C. | |
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| The Tribunate of Livius Drusus | |
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| The Rebel Italian Confederacy | |
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| The Italian War | |
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| The Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus | |
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| The Capture of Rome by Sulla and by China | |
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| The Rule of Cinna | |
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| The Temporary Monarchy of Cornelius Sulls | |
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| Events in Asia Minor to 88 B.C. | |
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| The First Mithrdatic War | |
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| The Homecoming of Sulla | |
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| Sulla's Settlement. The Proscriptions | |
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| Sulla's Constitutional Legislation | |
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| Sulla's Place in Roman History | |
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| The Fall of the Restoration Government | |
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| Prospects for the Seventies | |
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| The Rebellion of Lepidus and its Aftermath | |
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| The War against Q. Sertorius | |
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| The Slave War in Italy | |
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| Pompey's Coup d'Etat | |
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| Crassus, Caaesar and Catiline | |
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| The Conspiracy of Catiline | |
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| The Concordoa Ordinum of Cicero | |
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| The Firsst Triumvirate and Caesar's First Consulate | |
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| The Wars if Lucullus, Pompeyy and Crassus | |
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| The Campaigns against the Pirates | |
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| Lucullus's Conquests in Asia Minor | |
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| The Campaigns of Lucullus in Armenia | |
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| Pompey's Settlement of the East | |
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| The Campaign of Crasuss against the Parthians | |
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| Caesar's Conquest of Gual, and the Breakdown of the First Triumvirate | |
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| Gaul and its People | |
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| Caesar's Advance to the Rhine and the Channel | |
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| Caesar's Forays into Germany and Britain | |
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| The Final Reduction of Gaul | |
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| The First Crisis in the Triumvirate | |
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| The Conference of Luca and the Dictatorship of Pompey | |
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| The Second Crisis in the Triumvirate | |
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| The Rise of Caesar to Supreme Power | |
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| The Campaigns of 49 B.C. | |
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| Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus | |
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| The 'Bellum Alexandrinum' | |
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| Thapsus and Munda | |
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| Caesar's Measures of Reconstruction | |
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| Caesar's Foreign Policy. Miscellaneous | |
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| Caesar's Constitutional Position | |
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| Caesar's Personality and Achievements | |
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| The Second Triumvirate | |
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| The Interim Administration of Anton | |
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| The Philippics of Cicero and the War of Mutina | |
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| Octavian's Coup d'Etat and Pact with Anton | |
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| The Proscriptions and the Campaign of Philippi | |
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| The Wars of Perusia and Brundisium | |
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| Octavian's Was Against Sextus Pompeius | |
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| Anthony in the East | |
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| The War of Actium | |
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| Review of the Second Triumvirate | |
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| Roman Society in the First Century | |
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| Changes in Roman Agriculture | |
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| Manufactures and Trade | |
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| Standards of Living | |
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| Social Life | |
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| Architecture and Art | |
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| Latin Literature. Poetry | |
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| Latin Prose Writers | |
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| Science and Philosophy | |
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| Religion | |
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| Consolidation of the Roman Empire | |
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| The Settlement of Augustus. Rome and Italy | |
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| The First Settlement, 29-23 B.C. | |
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| Augustus's Second Settlement | |
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| The New Executive | |
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| The City of Rome | |
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| Italy | |
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| Social Legislation | |
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| The Ludi Saeculares | |
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| The Roman Empire Under Augustus | |
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| The Roman Frontiers | |
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| Africa and the Red Sea | |
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| Asia Minor and the Euphrates | |
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| Western Europe | |
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| The Danube Lands | |
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| Military Reforms | |
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| The Provinces | |
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| Financial Administration | |
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| The Succession | |
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| Summary of Augustus's Principate | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Julio-Claudian Emperors. Internal Affairs | |
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| Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) | |
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| Caligula (37-41) | |
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| Claudius (41-54) | |
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| Nero (54-68) | |
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| Constitutional Developments | |
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| Finance | |
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| Rome and Italy | |
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| The Roman Empire Under the Julio-Claudian Dynasty | |
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| Africa | |
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| Judaea | |
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| Armernia and Parthia | |
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| The Danube Lands | |
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| Germany | |
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| The Conquest of Britain | |
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| The Provinces | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Roman Society under the Early Roman Empire | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Industry and Trade | |
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| Urban Life | |
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| Architecture and Art | |
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| Literature. General Conditions | |
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| Latin Poetry | |
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| Latin Prose | |
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| Religion | |
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| The 'Year of the Four Emperors' | |
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| The Revolt against Nero | |
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| Galba | |
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| Otho | |
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| Vitellius | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Flavian Emperors | |
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| Personalities | |
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| Constitutional Changes | |
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| General Administration | |
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| The Jewish War | |
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| The Revolt of Civilis and Classicus | |
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| Further Conquest in Britain | |
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| The Rhine and Danube Frontiers | |
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| The East | |
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| The Provinces | |
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| The 'Opposition' to the Flavian Emperors | |
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| The 'Five Good Emperors'. General Administration | |
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| Personalities | |
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| Constitutional Changes | |
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| Municipal Government | |
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| Imperial Finances | |
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| The Provinces | |
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| The 'Five Good Emperors'. External Affairs | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Africa | |
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| Armenia and Parthia | |
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| Judaea | |
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| Dacia | |
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| The Marcomannic Wars | |
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| Britain | |
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| The Roman Army | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Roman Society from A.D. 70 to 180 | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Industry and Trade | |
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| The Growth of Cities | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Art | |
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| Social Life | |
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| The Spread of Latin and Greek | |
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| Latin Poetry | |
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| Latin Prose | |
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| Philosophy and Religion | |
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| The Spread of Christianity | |
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| The Opposition to Christianity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Commodus and the Severi | |
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| The Reign of Commodus (180-192) | |
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| The Civil Wars of 193-197 | |
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| The Military Policy of Septimius Severus | |
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| The Internal Reforms of Septimius Severus | |
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| Caracalla (211-217) | |
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| Severus Alexander (222-235) | |
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| The Severan Age | |
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| The Decline of the Roman Empire | |
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| The Crisis of the Empire in the Third Century | |
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| Military Anarchy in Permanence | |
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| The Empire Invaded | |
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| The Frontiers Restored | |
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| Diocletian and Constantine | |
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| Diocletian and the Tetrachy | |
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| The Rise of Constantine | |
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| Constantine and Licinius | |
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| The Transition to Absolute Monarchy | |
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| The Emperors and their Executive | |
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| Financial Reforms | |
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| Compulsory Service | |
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| Defence and Army Reform | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Economic, Cultural and Religious Developments | |
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| Economic Conditions | |
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| Architecture and Art | |
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| Social Life | |
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| Education and Letters | |
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| Latin and Greek Literature | |
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| Religions | |
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| Christianity, Persecuted and Triumphant | |
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| The Roman Empire. Retrospect and Prospect | |
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| The End of the Empire in the West | |
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| Decline and Fall | |
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| Physical Causes of the Decline | |
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| Social and Political Causes of the Decline | |
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| Survivals of the Roman Empire | |
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| Chronological Table | |
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| List of Emperors | |
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| Genealogical Tables | |
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| Some Cornelii, Aemilii, and Sempronii Gracchi | |
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| Some Metelli, Claudii, etc. | |
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| The Julio-Claudian dynasty | |
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| Brief List of Books | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| Notes and References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |