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| Summary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Motivation for This Study | |
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| Enabling Technology | |
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| Economic Issues | |
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| Global Perspective | |
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| Importance of Education | |
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| Progress for the Future | |
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| Impact of Photonics on the National Economy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Economics of Photonics: A Case Study of Lasers | |
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| The Economic Impact of the Laser | |
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| Funding of Early Laser Development | |
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| The Early Laser Market | |
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| International Comparison | |
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| Conclusions from the Laser Case Study | |
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| Estimating the Economic Impact of Photonics-Industry Revenues, Employment, and R&D Investment in the United States | |
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| Government and Industrial Sources of R&D Funding in Photonics and Federal Funding of Optics | |
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| Changes in Photonics-based Innovations in the United States Since 1980 | |
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| Venture Capital in Optics | |
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| Markets for Technology, Intellectual Property, and U.S. University Technology Licensing | |
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| Models of Collaborative R&D and Implications for Photonics Innovation | |
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| Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology (SEMATECH) | |
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| Optoelectronics Industry Development Association (OIDA) | |
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| National Nanotechnology Initiative | |
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| Summary Comments | |
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| Proposed National Photonics Initiative | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Communications, Information Processing, and Data Storage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Communications | |
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| Information Processing | |
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| Data Storage | |
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| Impact Example: The Internet | |
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| Technical Advances | |
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| Communications | |
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| Networking | |
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| R&D Example Areas | |
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| Information Processing | |
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| Data Storage | |
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| Manufacturing | |
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| Communications | |
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| Information Processing | |
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| Data Storage | |
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| Economic Impact | |
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| Comparison Between the United States and the Rest of the World | |
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| Findings and Conclusions | |
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| Recommendations and Grand Challenge Questions | |
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| Defense and National Security | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optics and Photonics: Impact on Defense Systems | |
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| Technology Overview | |
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| Changes Since the Harnessing Light Study | |
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| Identification of Technological Opportunities from Recent Advances | |
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| Manufacturing | |
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| U.S. Global Position | |
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| Findings and Conclusions | |
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| Recommendation and Grand Challenge Questions | |
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| Energy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Solar Power | |
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| Photovoltaic Systems | |
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| Concentrated Solar Power Systems | |
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| Hybrid Systems | |
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| LCOE Outlook for Solar Power Compared to Other Current and Possible Future Fuel Sources | |
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| Solid-State Lighting | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | |
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| Health and Medicine | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Overview of the Impact of Technology on Medicine | |
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| Optics and Photonics in Medical Practice Today | |
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| Advances in Technology Providing the Opportunity for New Applications of Photonics | |
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| Advances in Technology Providing the Opportunity for Future Applications of Photonics | |
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| Nucleic Acid Sequence Detection and Mutation Detection | |
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| Proteomic Analysis Through Protein and Tissue Arrays | |
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| High-Throughput Screening | |
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| Flow Cytometry Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Ophthalmology | |
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| Image-Guided Surgery | |
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| Dual Energy CT and Quantitative Image Analysis | |
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| Biomedical Optics in Regenerative Medicine | |
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| Biomedical Optics in Research | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Advanced Manufacturing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Production and Innovation in Photonics Technologies: Three Case Studies | |
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| Displays | |
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| Solar Cells | |
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| Optoelectronic Components for Communications Systems | |
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| Similarities and Differences Among the Three Cases | |
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| Advanced Manufacturing in Optics | |
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| Optical Surfaces | |
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| Aspherical Lenses | |
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| Fabrication Processes and Equipment | |
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| Applications of Photonics in Manufacturing | |
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| Photolithography | |
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| Lasers in Manufacturing | |
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| Additive Manufacturing | |
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| Stereolithography | |
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| Selective Laser Sintering | |
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| Laser Engineered Net Shaping | |
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| Photonics and the Future of U.S. Manufacturing | |
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| High-Volume Products | |
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| Low-Volume Products | |
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| The U.S. Manufacturing Workforce | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | |
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| Advanced Photonic Measurements and Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Impact of Optics and Photonics on Sensing, Imaging, and Metrology | |
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| Technology Overview | |
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| Changes Since Harnessing Light | |
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| Changes in SI Definitions | |
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| Development of Attosecond Pulse Trains by Means of the Generation of High Harmonics | |
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| Table-top Availability of Extreme Intensities by Means of Chirped-Pulse Amplification | |
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| Nano-optics and Plasmonics, Negative-Index Materials, and Transformation Optics | |
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| Advances in Controlled Generation of Quantum Light States and Their Manipulation and Detection | |
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| High-Resolution Remote Sensing with Optical Synthetic Aperture Radar | |
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| Advances in Adaptive Optical Techniques | |
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| Identification of Technological Opportunities from Recent Advances | |
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| Manufacturing | |
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| U.S. Global Position | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations and Grand Challenge Question | |
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| Strategic Materials for Optics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Applications | |
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| Novel Structures: Sub-Wavelength Optics, Metamaterials, and Photonic Crystals | |
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| Technology Challenges of Nanostructured Materials | |
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| Optical Materials in the Life Sciences and Synthetic Biology | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Displays | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Near Future | |
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| Overview of Displays | |
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| Liquid-Crystal Displays | |
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| Touch Displays | |
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| OLED Displays | |
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| Flexible Displays | |
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| Projection Displays | |
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| Three-Dimensional Holographic Displays | |
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| Display Product Manufacturing | |
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| Findings | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Statement of Task, with Introductory Information | |
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| Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| Additional Technology Examples | |
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| Biographies of Committee Members | |