Microbiologist, educator. Gairdner Foundation Annual Award, 1975; US Steel Award in Molecular Biology, 1974. Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1975.Professor of genetics, member of the Academie des Sciences, 1977, foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1962, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1964, Royal Society, London, 1973. Prix Charles L�opold Mayer, Academie des Sciences, 1962. Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1965.