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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Theory of Trade Agreements | |
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| The Purpose of Trade Agreements | |
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| The General Equilibrium Model | |
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| The Traditional Economic Approach | |
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| The Political-Economy Approach | |
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| The Commitment Approach | |
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| Comparison of Approaches | |
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| Rules versus Power | |
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| Enforcement | |
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| The History and Design of GATT and the WTO | |
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| The Origin of GATT and the WTO | |
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| The Rules of GATT | |
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| Substantive Obligations | |
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| Exceptions | |
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| Dispute Settlement Procedures | |
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| Reciprocity, Nondiscrimination, and Enforcement under GATT | |
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| Reciprocity | |
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| Reciprocity in GATT | |
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| Reciprocity and Trade Negotiations | |
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| Reciprocity and Renegotiation | |
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| Reciprocity and Participation: Rules versus Power | |
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| MFN | |
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| MFN in GATT | |
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| The Multicountry Model | |
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| The General Equilibrium Model | |
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| Government Preferences | |
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| MFN, Reciprocity, and Trade Negotiations | |
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| Significance | |
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| MFN and Reciprocity | |
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| Nonviolation Nullification-or-Impairment Complaints | |
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| The Free-Rider Problem | |
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| MFN, Reciprocity and Renegotiation | |
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| MFN and the Terms-of-Trade Theory: A Summary | |
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| MFN and Political Externalities | |
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| Enforcement | |
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| GATT Enforcement and the Theory of Repeated Games | |
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| Predictions | |
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| Rebalancing the Agreement: The GATT Escape Clause | |
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| Gradualism: Rounds of Trade Liberalization | |
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| The Exchange and Aggregation of Enforcement Power | |
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| Preferential Trading Agreements | |
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| Preferential Trading Agreements in GATT | |
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| Preferential Trading Agreements and Reciprocity | |
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| PTAs and Trade Negotiations | |
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| PTAs and Renegotiation | |
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| Preferential Trading Agreements and Multilateral Enforcement | |
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| Other Approaches | |
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| Labor and Environmental Standards | |
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| Labor and Environmental Standards in GATT | |
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| The Model with Domestic Standards | |
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| The General Equilibrium Model | |
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| Government Preferences | |
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| The Purpose of a Trade Agreement | |
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| Efficient Policies | |
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| Noncooperative Policies | |
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| Identifying the Inefficiency | |
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| Trade Agreements and National Sovereignty | |
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| Enforcement of Labor and Environmental Standards | |
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| Competition Policy | |
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| Competition Policy in GATT | |
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| The Model with Competition Policy | |
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| The General Equilibrium Model | |
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| Government Preferences | |
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| The Purpose of a Trade Agreement | |
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| Trade Agreements and National Sovereignty | |
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| Agricultural Export Subsidies | |
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| Agricultural Export Subsidies in GATT | |
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| Features of the Agricultural Disputes | |
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| Theoretical Approaches | |
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| The Model of Agricultural Export Subsidies | |
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| The Partial Equilibrium Model | |
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| Government Preferences | |
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| The Purpose of Subsidy Agreements | |
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| Nash Subsidies | |
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| Cooperative Subsidies | |
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| Efficient Subsidies | |
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| Illustration | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| The Treatment of Export Subsidies | |
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| The Practical Relevance of Terms-of-Trade Considerations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 2 | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 5 | |
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| The General Equilibrium Model: Further Details | |
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| The Efficiency Frontier: Characterizations | |
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| Many Goods | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |