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| Contents | |
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| Series Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Introduction to Neural Networks | |
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| An Introduction to Neural Network Modeling: Merits, Limitations, and Controversies | |
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| An Alternative to Traditional Symbol-Processing Models | |
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| Backpropagation Networks1 | |
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| Artificial Neural Networks: Computer Architecture at the Cellular Level | |
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| Parallel Distributed Processing | |
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| Backpropagation with a Complex Human Neuropsychological Test | |
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| Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) | |
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| Current Debates in Neural Network Modeling | |
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| The Need for Symbolic Representations and Rules | |
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| The Nature of Neural Network Simulations | |
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| Modular vs. Interactive Architectures | |
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| Current Limitations of Neural Network Models | |
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| The Problem of Internal Structure | |
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| The Problem of Biological Plausibility | |
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| The Problem of Catastrophic Interference | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Functional Cognitive Networks in Primates | |
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| Building Blocks of the Nervous System | |
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| Neurons and Neurotransmitter Systems | |
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| Vertebrate Brain Organization | |
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| The Role of the Cortex in Information Processing | |
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| Primate Cortical Sensory, Perceptual, and Memory Systems | |
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| Visual System | |
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| Auditory System | |
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| Somatosensory System | |
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| The Frontal Lobe and Attention and Active Memory Systems | |
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| Development of Monkey Tasks for Attention and Active Memory | |
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| Tasks to Distinguish Active Memory and Retentive Memory | |
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| Relation Between Processing Capabilities and Energy Requirements | |
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| Development of Information-Processing Capacity | |
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| Future Primate Models for Neuropsychology and Neural Networks | |
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| References | |
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| Attention and Neural Networks | |
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| Overview | |
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| Attentional System | |
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| Orienting Network | |
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| Parietal Lobe | |
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| Superior Colliculus | |
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| Amplification | |
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| Executive Network | |
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| Generate Uses Task | |
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| Circuitry | |
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| Stroop Test | |
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| Vigilance Network | |
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| Interaction of the Networks | |
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| Alerting and Orienting | |
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| Basal Ganglia | |
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| Cognitive Control | |
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| References | |
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| A Neural Network Model of Memory, Amnesia, and Cortico-Hippocampal Interactions | |
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| Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia | |
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| Hippocampus: Link-Operator Store and Multirange Buffer | |
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| A Unitary Mechanism Supporting Working and Long-Term Memory Consolidation | |
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| Hippocampus as a Temporal Processor | |
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| Hippocampus in Learning and Long-Term Memory Consolidation | |
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| Anterograde Amnesia | |
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| Declarative and Procedural Memory | |
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| Retrograde Amnesia | |
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| Intermediate Memory Supporting an Automatic Working Memory Component | |
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| Psychological Arguments for an Automatic Working Memory Component | |
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| Working Memory as a Cortical System | |
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| Working Memory as a Hippocampal System | |
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| Neuropsychological Arguments | |
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| Rehearsal Allowed | |
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| Rehearsal Prevented | |
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| Bilateral Lesions of Hs | |
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| Partial Lesion of Hs | |
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| Brain Imaging | |
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| Electrical Brain Imaging | |
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| Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Human Vs. Animal Working Memory | |
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| Functional Model of Hippocampo-Cortical Relations | |
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| Mathematical Model | |
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| Temporal Order Network | |
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| Temporal Order as a Spatially Distributed Amplitude Gradient | |
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| TOM Architecture and Simulation | |
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| Timing | |
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| Timing and Classical Conditioning | |
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| Timing, Temporal Conditioning, and Cognitive-Motor Processes | |
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| Spectral Timing Network: Design Principles | |
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| System's Architecture and Simulations | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Behavioral States | |
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| A Computational Model of Alcohol Dependence: Simulation of Genetic Differences in Alcohol Preference and of Therepeutic Strategies | |
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| Method | |
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| Model Development | |
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| Overall Strategy for the Model | |
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| Training Procedure and Post-Training Assessment | |
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| Test Conditions | |
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| Changes in Bias Units | |
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| Changes in Self-Recurrent Weights | |
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| Therapeutic Conditions | |
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| Experiment One: "Normal" Desire to Drink | |
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| Experiment Two: "Abnormal" Desire to Drink | |
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| Experiment Three. Genetic Vulnerability | |
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| Experiment Four: Therapeutic Modalities | |
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| Results | |
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| Experiment One: "Normal" Levels of Desire to Drink | |
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| Experiment Two: "Abnormal" Levels of Desire to Drink | |
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| Experiment Three: Genetic Vulnerability | |
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| Experiment Four: Therapeutic Modalities | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| A Computational Perspective on Learned Helplessness and Depression | |
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| Types of Helplessness | |
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| Samson: Mastery vs. Control | |
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| Norepinephrine and the Loss of Internal Control Without Explanation: Dopamine | |
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| A Model of Samson's "Mastery" Type | |
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| Affect-Driven Helplessness: GABA | |
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| Perseveration, Automaticity, and Norepinephrine-Mediated Depression | |
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| A Cognitive Systems Interpretation of Depression | |
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| Appendix: Building A Model of Learned Helplessness--In Steps | |
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| The American Psychological Society "Model in Principle | |
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| The World Congress on Neural Networks '95 Model | |
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| Washington Evolutionary Systems Society '95 | |
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| Ongoing Work | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Waking and Sleeping States | |
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| Experimental Considerations | |
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| General Features | |
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| Cognitive Properties | |
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| Neurophysiological Data | |
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| Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Illness | |
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| Computational Models | |
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| Overview | |
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| Brainstem and Thalamic Models | |
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| Distributed and Cortical Network Models | |
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| State-Dependent Sequencing and Modulation | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Assumptions in Modeling | |
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| Neural Network Model | |
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| Simulation results and Learning | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| Learning | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Note | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Neuropsychological Tests and Clinical Syndromes | |
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| Stroop Task, Language, and Neuromodulation: Models of Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia\cDavid Servan-Schreiber | |
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| Disturbances in the Processing of Context | |
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| The Stroop Task | |
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| The Continuous Performance Test | |
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| Schizophrenic Language Deficits | |
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| Prefrontal Cortex, Context, and Dopamine | |
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| Neuromodulatory Effects of Dopamine | |
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| Prefrontal Cortex and Dopamine in Schizophrenia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Simulation of the Physiological Effects of Dopamine | |
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| Simulation of the Stroop Effect | |
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| Simulation of the Continuous Performance Test | |
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| Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Neural Network Modeling of Executive Functioning with the Tower of Hanoi Test in Frontal Lobe-Lesioned Patientcs | |
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| Clinical Neuropsychological Data | |
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| Strategies to Solve the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle | |
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| Encoding the Moves | |
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| Selecting the Training Set | |
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| Training the Neural Network | |
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| The Effects of Learning | |
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| Testing the Neural Network | |
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| Degradation of the Neural Network | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Neuronal Network Models of Acalculia and Prefrontal Deficits | |
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| Neuronal Models of Cognitive Functions | |
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| A Network of Areas for Number Processing | |
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| A Neuronal Model for the Detection and Internal Representation of Numerical Quantities | |
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| Conditioning to Numerosity | |
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| Learning to Order Numerosity Detectors | |
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| A Hierarchy of Networks for Exact Calculation | |
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| The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Prefrontal Cortex, and Fast Rule Switching | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Neuropsychological Assessment of Attention and Its Disorders: Computational Models for Neglect, Extinction, and Sustained Attention | |
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| Computational Models | |
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| Normal Attentional Processes | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Simulation of Hemineglect | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Simulation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Simulation of Line Bisection and Letter Cancellation | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Simulation of Extinction | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| The Neural Basis of Lexical Retrieval | |
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| Retrieval of Words for Nonunioue Concrete Entities | |
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| Background | |
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| New Lesion Studies | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Brain-Damaged Subjects | |
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| Control Subjects | |
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| Stimuli | |
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| Procedure | |
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| Neuropsychological | |
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| Neuroanatomical Methods | |
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| Results Concerning Hypothesis No. 1 | |
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| Neuropsychological Findings | |
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| Neuroanatomical Findings | |
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| Results for hypothesis No. 2 | |
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| Neuropsychological Findings | |
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| Neuroanatomical Findings | |
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| Functional Imaging (PET) Studies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Retrieval of Words for Unique Concrete Entities | |
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| Background | |
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| New Lesion Studies | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Method | |
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| Data Quantification | |
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| Neuropsychological Results | |
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| Neuroanatomical Results | |
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| Functional Imaging (PET) Studies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Retrieval of Words for Actions | |
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| Background | |
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| New Lesion Studies | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Experimental Task | |
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| Scoring and Data Quantification | |
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| Results | |
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| Functional Imaging (PET) Studies | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Applications in Dementia | |
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| A Model of Human Memory Based on the Cellular Physiology of the Hippocampal Formation | |
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| Simple Overview of Neural Networks | |
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| Associative Memory Function | |
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| Self-Organization | |
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| A Hippocampal Model of Free Recall and Cued Recall | |
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| Local Networks of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells and Interneurons | |
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| Contrast with Connectionist Models | |
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| Connectivity Between Different Hippocampal Subregions | |
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| Dynamics of Individual Subregions | |
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| Rapid Sequential Self-Organization in Dentate | |
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| Autoassociative Function of Recurrent Collaterals in CA3 | |
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| Rapid Sequential Self-Organization in Region CA1 | |
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| Heteroassociative Function of Schaffer Collaterals to CA1 | |
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| Heteroassociative Feedback from Region CA1 to the Entorhinal | |
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| Feedback Regulation of Cholinergic Modulation from the Medial | |
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| Modification of Synapses | |
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| Feedback Regulation of Cholinergic Modulation | |
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| Memory Function in the Model | |
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| Modeling Cued Recall in a Spiking Model of Hippocampal Function | |
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| Linking Episodic Memory Function to Physiological Data on Electroencephalographic and Single-Unit Re... | |
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| Modeling Paired Associate Learning in a Continuous Firing Rate Model | |
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| Modeling Free Recall in a Continuous Firing Rate Model | |
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| Modeling the Effects of Scopolamine and Diazepam on Free Recall | |
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| A Breakdown In Network Function and Alzheimers Disease Neuropathology | |
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| Role of Acetylcholine in Neocortical Function | |
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| Summary and Discussion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Neural Network Modeling of Basal Ganglia Function in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders | |
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| Motor Networks | |
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| Motor Control | |
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| Pharmacologic Mechanisms | |
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| Motor Maps | |
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| Motor Learning | |
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| Cognitive Networks | |
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| Spatial Attention | |
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| Limbic Networks | |
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| Contingency-based Learning | |
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| Neuropsychiatric Disorders | |
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| Depression in Parkinson's Disease | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| References | |
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| Neural Network Modeling of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Verbal Fluency Tests: Applications with Frontal Lobe-Damaged and Alzheimer's Disease Patients | |
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| Theoretical Modeling of Frontal Lobe Function | |
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| Neural Network Principles | |
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| The Wisconsin Card Sorting Model | |
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| Dorsal VS. Orbital Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Function | |
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| Modeling Verbal Fluency | |
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| Modeling Effects of Alzheimers Disease with Verbal Fluency | |
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| Neurobiological and Neuroanatomical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Computer Program Parameters for Verbal Fluency in Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Neuropsychological Implications | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Semantic Network Abnormalities in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| The Semantic network in Patients with alzheimers Disease | |
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| Deterioration of the Semantic Network of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Over Time | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Parallel Distributed Processing Models in Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Naming Impairments in Alzheimers Disease: Semantic, Visual, or Lexical Locus of Damage? | |
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| The Model | |
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| Simulations of Naming Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Preservation of Categorical Knowledge in Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Simulations of Preserved Category Knowledge in Alzheimer's Disease | |
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| Implications for Clinical Neuropsychology | |
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| Where to from Here? | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |