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Preface | |
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Why Sensitometry? | |
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Learning the Language | |
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What the Numbers Mean | |
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Arithmetic Series | |
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Geometric Series | |
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Stops | |
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Logarithms: Numerical Shorthand | |
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Graphs and Charts | |
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Exercises | |
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How to Read and Interpret Characteristic Curves | |
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Some Terms Defined | |
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The Anatomy of a Characteristic Curve | |
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Film Image Formation | |
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Curve Gradient Measurements: Gamma (y) | |
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Average Gradient (G) | |
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Contrast Index (CI) | |
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Curve Gradient vs. Developing Time | |
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Film Speeds | |
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How Development Affects Film Speed | |
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How Film Speeds Are Determined | |
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Effective Film Speed (EFS) | |
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The Paper Curve | |
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Standards for Calibrating Paper Curves | |
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The Useful Limits of the Paper Curve | |
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Review: The Tone Reproduction Cycle | |
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From Theory to Practice | |
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Drawing Tools and Techniques | |
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Analyzing the Paper Curve | |
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Flare Compensation | |
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Analyzing the Film Curve | |
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Locating IDmin | |
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Locating IDmax | |
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Determining the Subject Range | |
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Finding Effective Film Speeds | |
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Preparing the Working Charts | |
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The Densitometer Dilemma | |
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How Densitometers Work | |
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Adapting Your Spotmeter for Densitometry | |
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Setting Up the Spotmeter/Densitometer | |
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The Step Tablet | |
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Testing Your Materials | |
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Testing Paper: Preparation | |
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The Callier Quotient | |
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Contact-Printing Test Procedure | |
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Calculating the Test Exposure Time | |
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Projection Testing | |
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Preparing the Step Tablet | |
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Projection Test Procedure | |
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Testing Film | |
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Determining the Film Test Exposure | |
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Developing the Test Films: Preparation | |
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Tray Development of Sheet Film | |
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Tube Development of Sheet Film | |
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Testing Roll Film | |
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Roll Film Test Exposure | |
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Roll Film Development | |
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Interpreting the Curves for Working Data | |
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Drawing and Analyzing Paper Curves | |
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Drawing Film Curves | |
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Troubleshooting the Film Test | |
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Calibrating Film Curves | |
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Locating the Speed Points | |
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Analyzing Film Curves | |
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Review of Analysis Systems | |
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Review of Zones and Stops | |
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Extracting Zone System Data from the Curves | |
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Extracting Incident System Data from the Curves | |
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Alternative Data | |
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Getting to Know Your Meter | |
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Meter Types: Luminance and Illuminance | |
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The Wide-Field Averaging Meter | |
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The Spotmeter | |
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The Standard Gray Card | |
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The Incident Meter | |
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Meter Calibration | |
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Relating Light Readings to Camera Settings | |
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Exposure/Development Control Systems | |
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The Zone System | |
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The Concept of Zones | |
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Metering and Zone Placement | |
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The N-Numbers | |
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Traditional Test Methods | |
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Using the Working Charts: An Example | |
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An Alternative: The Incident Meter | |
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Determining the SBR with an Incident Meter | |
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Metering for the Incident System | |
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Appraising Results Without a Densitometer | |
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Common Mistakes | |
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Incident Metering of Unusual Subjects | |
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Creative Incident Metering | |
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Image Gradation | |
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The Systems Beyond | |
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Visualization Aids | |
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Computer-Assisted Photography | |
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Computer Software: Plotter and Matcher | |
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Fine Tuning | |
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"Failure" of the Reciprocity Law | |
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Testing for Reciprocity Effects | |
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Testing for Flare | |
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Compensating Your Film Curves for Flare | |
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Film Development Variations | |
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Water-Bath Development | |
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Divided Development | |
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Altering Paper Contrast: Preexposure | |
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Paper Development Variations | |
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Post-Treatment of Prints | |
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Conclusion | |
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Useful Equations | |
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Lens Formulas: f-numbers | |
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Lens Field Coverage Calculations | |
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G, SBR, N Conversions | |
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Depth-of-Field Calculations | |
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Densitometer Design and Construction | |
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Film Developing Tube | |
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Practice Materials | |
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The PowerDial | |
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Glossary | |
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Answers to Chapter 2 Exercises | |
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Index | |