| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Introduction: What is Logic? | |
| |
| |
| The Strange Nature of Logical Validity | |
| |
| |
| What Makes a Valid Argument Valid? | |
| |
| |
| The Divine-Command Theory of Logic | |
| |
| |
| Logic as Culturally Invariant | |
| |
| |
| Logic as Timeless and Placeless | |
| |
| |
| The Social History of Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dawn of Logic | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Geography on the Flow of Ideas | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of the Sea Trade | |
| |
| |
| Transportation and Civilization | |
| |
| |
| Classical Greece as the Extreme Case | |
| |
| |
| The Athenian Assembly | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aristotle: Greatest of the Greek Logicians | |
| |
| |
| The Study of Argument in India | |
| |
| |
| The Singularity of Aristotle | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of the Athenian Assembly | |
| |
| |
| The Sophists | |
| |
| |
| The Separation of Logic from Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aristotle's System: The Logic of Classification | |
| |
| |
| Manipulating Classes | |
| |
| |
| The Square of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| The Underlying Mystery of the Square | |
| |
| |
| Wittgenstein's Proposed Solution | |
| |
| |
| Wittgenstein's Mistake | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chrysippus and the Stoics: A World of Interlocking Structures | |
| |
| |
| The Stoics | |
| |
| |
| The Logic of Choice | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Compound Propositions | |
| |
| |
| Interlocking Forms of Argument | |
| |
| |
| The Laws of Contradiction and Excluded Middle | |
| |
| |
| More Interlocking Forms | |
| |
| |
| The Basis of Computer Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logic Versus Anti Logic: The Laws of Contradiction and Excluded Middle | |
| |
| |
| Paradoxes of Truth | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Fuzzy Logic | |
| |
| |
| Is Validity Relative? | |
| |
| |
| Does Formal Logic Ultimately Depend on Common Sense? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logical Fanatics, Circular Reasoning, and Descartes's Fundamental Principle | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of the Wars of Religion | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Firm Foundations | |
| |
| |
| The Logical Complexity of Our Premises | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Formalized Logic and Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| The Paradoxes of Formalization | |
| |
| |
| The Double Meaning of "Foundations" | |
| |
| |
| The Outlook of Thomas Kuhn | |
| |
| |
| Kuhn's Error | |
| |
| |
| Competition Between Scientific Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Will the Future Resemble the Past? Inductive Logic and Scientific Method | |
| |
| |
| The Challenge of the New Literature | |
| |
| |
| The Triumph of the Vernacular and the Growing Spirit of Equality | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Modern Political Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Right of Dissent and the Reliance on Induction | |
| |
| |
| Induction as the New Rationality | |
| |
| |
| Aristotle's Influence on the Medievals | |
| |
| |
| The Rational Foundations of Induction | |
| |
| |
| The Apparent Irreducibility of Induction | |
| |
| |
| The Assumptions of Empirical Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rhetorical Frauds and Sophistical Ploys: Ten Classic Tricks | |
| |
| |
| The Battle for Parliamentary Reform | |
| |
| |
| Jeremy Bentham and the Legacy of the Enlightenment | |
| |
| |
| Bentham�s Book of Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Logic and the Digital Future | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of the Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Symbolic Logic | |
| |
| |
| The Logic of Relations | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of the New Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Quantification | |
| |
| |
| Frege's New Foundation for Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| The Invention of Digital Computing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Faith and the Limits of Logic: The Last Unanswered Question | |
| |
| |
| Abelard's Rise to Power | |
| |
| |
| Abelard's Attack on Faith Without Reason | |
| |
| |
| Are Faith and Reason Compatible? | |
| |
| |
| The Foundations of Rational Belief | |
| |
| |
| Rationality After the Wars of Religion | |
| |
| |
| The Vigilance of Reason | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Further Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| Ad Hominem Argument ("To the Person") | |
| |
| |
| Begging the Question | |
| |
| |
| Big Lie | |
| |
| |
| Cause and Effect (Confusions of) | |
| |
| |
| Circular Definition | |
| |
| |
| Circular Explanation | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Continuum (Denying Differences in) | |
| |
| |
| Division | |
| |
| |
| Emotional Appeal | |
| |
| |
| Equivocation | |
| |
| |
| Evils and Remedies (Confusing Them) | |
| |
| |
| False Analogy | |
| |
| |
| False Antithesis | |
| |
| |
| False Authority | |
| |
| |
| False Dichotomy (or False Dilemma) | |
| |
| |
| Formal Fallacy | |
| |
| |
| Generalizing (Errors of) | |
| |
| |
| Innuendo | |
| |
| |
| Irrelevant Conclusion (or Ignoratio Elenchi, "Ignorance of Proof") | |
| |
| |
| Is and Ought (Confusing Them) | |
| |
| |
| Loaded Question | |
| |
| |
| Negative Proof | |
| |
| |
| Pretentious Diction | |
| |
| |
| Sham Insight | |
| |
| |
| Straw Man | |
| |
| |
| Suppressed Evidence (or Ignored Evidence) | |
| |
| |
| Vague Metaphor | |
| |
| |
| Wrapping Oneself in the Flag | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |