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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface | |
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| Note on Transliteration | |
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| Introduction: The Concept and Unity of Islamic History | |
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| Europe and Islam: The History of a Science | |
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| Early studies of Islam in the context of religious war | |
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| From confrontation to co-existence | |
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| The beginnings of Islamic studies | |
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| The rise of Oriental philology | |
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| 'Historicism' and the opening up of the sources | |
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| Islam as a Held of scholarship | |
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| Research in Islam in East and West: encounter and conflict | |
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| Islam: Religion and Legal System | |
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| The Revelation | |
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| The development of religious doctrine | |
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| Islamic history and the history of Islam | |
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| From civil wars to schism | |
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| Between theology and tradition: the development of dogma | |
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| Asceticism, mysticism and the religious orders | |
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| Law and government | |
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| The foundation of Islamic law | |
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| Legislation and the administration of justice | |
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| The classical schools of law | |
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| The state in die light of legal theory | |
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| The Islamic World: Society and Economy | |
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| Arabia: landscape arid history at the beginning of Islam | |
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| Bedouins and sedentary peoples | |
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| Apicultural economy, taxation and land tenure | |
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| Urban society and economy | |
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| A Regional View of Islamic History | |
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| The Arabian peninsula | |
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| Syria and Palestine | |
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| Iraq | |
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| The West | |
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| Spain | |
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| North Africa | |
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| Egypt | |
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| Iran | |
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| Anatolia | |
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| The further lands of Islam | |
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| Periods of Islamic History | |
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| Arabia before Islam (until c.610 ad) | |
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| Muhammad: the mission of the Arab Prophet and the first Islamic state (c.610-32) | |
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| The caliphate until the end of the Umayyads (632-750) | |
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| The period of the Orthodox' caliphs (al-Rashidun, 632-61): the emergence of the Arab state | |
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| The caliphate of the Umayyads (661-750) | |
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| The caliphate of the 'Abbasids and its successor states from 749-c. 1050 | |
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| The first century of the 'Abbasids (749-847) | |
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| The decline of the caliphate (9th-10th centuries) | |
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| The rise of local autonomous states and the successor states of the caliphal empire (c.850-c.1055) | |
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| The Seljuq period (c. 1055-c. 1258) | |
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| The Seljuqs (Iran and Iraq, 11th-12th centuries; in Anatolia until the 13th century) | |
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| Syria and Egypt under the Atabegs and Ayyubids; the Islamic confrontation with the Crusaders; the final phase of the 'Abbasid caliphate (12th-mid-13th centuries) | |
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| Almoravids and Almohads in North Africa and Spain (1056-1269) | |
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| The Mongol period. From the conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols to the establishment of the Ottoman state in the Near East (1258-1517) | |
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| The Mongol invasion and the Mongol period in the Islamic east (13th-15th centuries) | |
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| The Mamluks in Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) The emergence of the Ottoman empire | |
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| The west under the last Berber dynasties (mid-13th-mid-16th centuries) | |
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| The Ottoman period (16th-18th centuries) | |
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| The Ottoman empire | |
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| North Africa | |
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| Iran from the Safavid period | |
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| India under the Mughal emperors (1526-1858) | |
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| The emergence of national states Westernisation and reform (from the beginning of the 19th century) | |
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| Appendix: Languages, Names and the Calendar of Islam | |
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| Language and script | |
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| Arabic: the language of Islam | |
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| The other languages of Islam | |
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| The Arabic script | |
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| Names and titles | |
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| Islamic personal names | |
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| The titles of rulers and honorific tides | |
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| The Islamic calendar | |
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| Chronological Table | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |