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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Introducing Concepts in Geochemical Systems | |
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| Overview | |
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| What Is Geochemistry? | |
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| Historical Overview | |
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| Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry | |
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| Geochemical Variables | |
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| Geochemical Systems | |
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| Thermodynamics and Kinetics | |
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| An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches | |
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| Notes on Problem Solving | |
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| How Elements Behave | |
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| Overview | |
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| Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter | |
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| Elements and the Periodic Table | |
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| The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes | |
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| The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud | |
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| Size, Charge, and Stability | |
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| Elemental Associations | |
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| Bonding | |
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| Perspectives on Bonding | |
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| Structural Implications of Bonding | |
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| Retrospective on Bonding | |
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| A First Look at Thermodynamic Equilibrium | |
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| Overview | |
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| Temperature and Equations of State | |
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| Work | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Entropy and Disorder | |
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| Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful | |
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| Auxiliary Functions of State | |
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| Enthalpy | |
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| The Helmholtz Function | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S | |
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| Composition as a Variable | |
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| Components | |
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| Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition | |
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| Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium | |
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| The Gibbs-Duhem Equation | |
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| How to Handle Solutions | |
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| Overview | |
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| What Is a Solution? | |
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| Crystalline Solid Solutions | |
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| Amorphous Solid Solutions | |
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| Melt Solutions | |
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| Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| Gas Mixtures | |
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| Solutions That Behave Ideally | |
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| Solutions That Behave Nonideally | |
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| Activity in Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| The Mean Salt Method | |
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| The Debye-Huckel Method | |
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| Solubility | |
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| The Ionic Strength Effect | |
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| The Common Ion Effect | |
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| Complex Species | |
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| Diagenesis: A Study in Kinetics | |
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| Overview | |
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| What Is Diagenesis? | |
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| Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Advection | |
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| Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation | |
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| The Diagenetic Equation | |
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| Organic Matter and Biomarkers: A Different Perspective | |
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| Overview | |
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| Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle | |
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| Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans | |
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| Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis | |
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| Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation | |
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| Preservation by Sorption | |
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| Degradation in Oxic Environments | |
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| Diagenetic Alteration | |
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| Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Lignin | |
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| Biomarkers | |
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| Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions | |
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| Alkenone Temperature Records | |
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| Amino Acid Racemization | |
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| Chemical Weathering: Dissolution and Redox Processes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Fundamental Solubility Equilibria | |
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| Silica Solubility | |
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| Solubility of Magnesian Silicates | |
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| Solubility of Gibbsite | |
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| Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals | |
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| Rivers as Weathering Indicators | |
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| Agents of Weathering | |
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| Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Organic Acids | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Processes | |
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| Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems | |
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| E[subscript h]-pH Diagrams | |
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| Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View | |
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| The Oceans and Atmosphere as a Geochemical System | |
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| Overview | |
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| Composition of the Oceans | |
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| A Classification of Dissolved Constituents | |
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| Chemical Variations with Depth | |
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| Composition of the Atmosphere | |
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| Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act | |
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| Some First Principles | |
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| Calcium Carbonate Solubility | |
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| Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary | |
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| Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans | |
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| Examining the Steady State | |
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| How Does the Steady State Evolve? | |
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| Box Models | |
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| Continuum Models | |
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| A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models | |
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| Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air | |
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| Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere | |
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| The Rise of Oxygen | |
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| Temperature and Pressure Changes: Thermodynamics Again | |
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| Overview | |
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| What Does Equilibrium Really Mean? | |
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| Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium | |
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| The Phase Rule | |
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| Open versus Closed Systems | |
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| Changing Temperature and Pressure | |
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| Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity | |
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| Pressure Changes and Compressibility | |
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| Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined | |
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| A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Reactions Involving Fluids | |
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| Raoult's and Henry's Laws: Mixing of Several Components | |
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| Standard States and Activity Coefficients | |
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| Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures | |
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| Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned | |
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| Picturing Equilibria: Phase Diagrams | |
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| Overview | |
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| G-X[subscript 2] Diagrams | |
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| Derivation of T-X[subscript 2] and P-X[subscript 2] Diagrams | |
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| T-X[subscript 2] Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems | |
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| Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi[subscript 2]O[subscript 6]-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] | |
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| Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi[subscript 2]O[subscript 6]-SiO[subscript 2] | |
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| Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8]-CaAl[subscript 2]Si[subscript 2]O[subscript 8] | |
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| Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8]-KAlSi[subscript 3]O[subscript 8] | |
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| Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams | |
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| Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids | |
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| P-T Diagrams | |
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| Systems with Three Components | |
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| Kinetics and Crystallization | |
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| Overview | |
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| Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Nucleation | |
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| Nucleation in Melts | |
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| Nucleation in Solids | |
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| Growth | |
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| Interface-Controlled Growth | |
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| Diffusion-Controlled Growth | |
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| Some Applications of Kinetics | |
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| Aragonite [right arrow over left arrow] Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step | |
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| Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step | |
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| Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments | |
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| Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions | |
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| The Solid Earth as a Geochemical System | |
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| Overview | |
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| Reservoirs in the Solid Earth | |
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| Composition of the Crust | |
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| Composition of the Mantle | |
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| Composition of the Core | |
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| Fluxes in the Solid Earth | |
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| Cycling between Crust and Mantle | |
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| Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core | |
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| Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust | |
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| Melting in the Mantle | |
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| Thermodynamic Effects of Melting | |
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| Types of Melting Behavior | |
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| Causes of Melting | |
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| Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems | |
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| Fractional Crystallization | |
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| Chemical Variation Diagrams | |
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| Liquid Immiscibility | |
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| The Behavior of Trace Elements | |
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| Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization | |
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| Compatible and Incompatible Elements | |
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| Volatile Elements | |
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| Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions | |
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| Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids | |
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| Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle | |
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| Using Stable Isotopes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful? | |
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| Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength | |
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| Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation | |
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| Thermometry | |
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| Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans | |
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| Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems | |
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| Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins | |
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| Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds | |
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| Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps | |
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| Using Radioactive Isotopes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Principles of Radioactivity | |
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| Nuclide Stability | |
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| Decay Mechanisms | |
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| Rate of Radioactive Decay | |
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| Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium | |
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| Geochronology | |
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| Potassium-Argon System | |
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| Rubidium-Strontium System | |
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| Samarium-Neodymium System | |
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| Uranium-Thorium-Lead System | |
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| Extinct Radionuclides | |
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| Fission Tracks | |
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| Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity | |
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| Neutron Activation Analysis | |
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| [superscript 40]Argon-[superscript 39]Argon Geochronology | |
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| Cosmic-Ray Exposure | |
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| Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes | |
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| Heterogeneity of the Earth's Mantle | |
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| Magmatic Assimilation | |
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| Subduction of Sediments | |
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| Isotopic Composition of the Oceans | |
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| Degassing of the Earth's Interior to Form the Atmosphere | |
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| Stretching Our Horizons: Cosmochemistry | |
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| Overview | |
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| Why Study Cosmochemistry? | |
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| Origin and Abundance of the Elements | |
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| Nucleosynthesis in Stars | |
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| Cosmic Abundance Patterns | |
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| Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data | |
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| Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements | |
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| Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior | |
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| Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites | |
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| Condensation of the Elements | |
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| How Equilibrium Condensation Works | |
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| The Condensation Sequence | |
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| Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites | |
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| Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System | |
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| Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites | |
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| A Supernova Trigger? | |
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| The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites | |
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| The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices | |
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| Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds | |
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| Ices--The Only Thing Left | |
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| A Time Scale for Creation | |
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| Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets | |
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| Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models | |
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| The Equilibrium Condensation Model | |
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| The Heterogeneous Accretion Model | |
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| The Chondrite Mixing Model | |
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| Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles | |
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| Mathematical Methods | |
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| Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data | |
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| Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |