| |
| |
| List of Illustrations | |
| |
| |
| List of Tables | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Describing the Living World | |
| |
| |
| Why Is Species Description Necessary? | |
| |
| |
| How New Species Are Described | |
| |
| |
| Scope and Organization of This Book | |
| |
| |
| The Pleasures of Systematics | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biological Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| Humans as Taxonomists | |
| |
| |
| Biological Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| Folk Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| Binomial Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| Development of Codes of Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| The Current Codes of Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
| Future of the Codes | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Species | |
| |
| |
| |
| Species and Their Discovery | |
| |
| |
| Species Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Processes Affecting Speciation | |
| |
| |
| Taxonomic Characters | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Ways in Which Biologists Have Discovered New Species | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Identity: The Literature Search | |
| |
| |
| Mistakes and Bad Examples | |
| |
| |
| Establishing Identity | |
| |
| |
| Where to Find the Taxonomic Literature | |
| |
| |
| How to Read the Taxonomic Literature | |
| |
| |
| Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Taxonomic Literature Searching on the Internet | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Establishing Identity: Using Museum Collections | |
| |
| |
| Collections, Museums, and Herbaria | |
| |
| |
| Locating Material | |
| |
| |
| Borrowing Material | |
| |
| |
| Type Material | |
| |
| |
| Visiting Collections: What to Expect and how to Behave | |
| |
| |
| Cooperation with Systematists | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Species Descriptions in Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| Reasons for Writing Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Different Kinds of Taxonomic Publications | |
| |
| |
| Form of the Descriptive Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headings and Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| Description Headings | |
| |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
| |
| Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| New Species | |
| |
| |
| Types of Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| Terms Used in Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| Different Kinds of Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| References in Headings and Synonymies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Naming Species: Etymology | |
| |
| |
| Naming Species | |
| |
| |
| Brief Review of Latin and Greek | |
| |
| |
| Basic Rules of Species Names | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Species Names | |
| |
| |
| Geographic Species Names | |
| |
| |
| Commemorative Species Names | |
| |
| |
| Nonsense Species Names | |
| |
| |
| The Etymology Section | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Type and Voucher Material | |
| |
| |
| Rationale for Types and Vouchers | |
| |
| |
| Rules of Nomenclature Regarding Types | |
| |
| |
| Selection of Types and Vouchers | |
| |
| |
| Composition of Type Material | |
| |
| |
| Documentation of Type Material | |
| |
| |
| Deposition of Types | |
| |
| |
| Type Section | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Diagnosis? | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosis in Zoological Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosis in Botanical Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Diagnostic Character? | |
| |
| |
| The Diagnosis Section: Animals | |
| |
| |
| The Diagnosis Section: Plants | |
| |
| |
| Additional Uses for Diagnoses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description Section | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Writing | |
| |
| |
| Information Used in the Description Section | |
| |
| |
| Writing the Description | |
| |
| |
| Telegraphic Style | |
| |
| |
| The Description Section: Animals (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | |
| |
| |
| The Description Section: Plants (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | |
| |
| |
| Illustrating Taxonomic Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taxonomic Discussion Section | |
| |
| |
| Purpose of the Discussion Section | |
| |
| |
| Discussion in Descriptions of New Species | |
| |
| |
| Evidence to Include | |
| |
| |
| Composite Papers | |
| |
| |
| The Discussion Section in Other Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Taxonomic Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ecology Section | |
| |
| |
| Ecology in Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Ecological Variation | |
| |
| |
| Field Records: Getting the Most from Field Work | |
| |
| |
| Ecological Information from Museum Specimens | |
| |
| |
| The Ecology Section | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Occurrence and Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Distributional Information in Species Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Parameters of Species Distributions | |
| |
| |
| The Distribution Section | |
| |
| |
| Distribution Papers | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Material Examined | |
| |
| |
| Practical Value | |
| |
| |
| In Original Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| In Other Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Material Examined Section | |
| |
| |
| Material Examined: Botanical Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| The Material Examined Paper | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Publication | |
| |
| |
| Criteria of Publication: Zoology | |
| |
| |
| Criteria of Publication: Botany | |
| |
| |
| Preparation of the Manuscript | |
| |
| |
| Submission of the Manuscript | |
| |
| |
| Final Revision and Publication | |
| |
| |
| Journals That Publish Taxonomic Papers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beyond Species Description | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subspecies | |
| |
| |
| Why Are Subspecies Important? | |
| |
| |
| Infraspecific Variation | |
| |
| |
| Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Zoology | |
| |
| |
| Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Botany | |
| |
| |
| Deciding When to Name an Infraspecific Taxon | |
| |
| |
| Writing Infraspecific Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genus-Level Description and Revision | |
| |
| |
| The Genus Concept | |
| |
| |
| When to Describe a New Genus | |
| |
| |
| Generic Names | |
| |
| |
| Publication of Generic Names | |
| |
| |
| Generic Types | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Generic-Level Description | |
| |
| |
| Problems Caused by Generic Revision | |
| |
| |
| Infrageneric Categories and Names | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Keys | |
| |
| |
| Keys in Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| Key Characters | |
| |
| |
| Single-Access (Analytical or Sequential) Keys | |
| |
| |
| Multiaccess Keys (Polyclaves) | |
| |
| |
| Interactive Identification | |
| |
| |
| Key Construction | |
| |
| |
| Computerized Key Construction | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Description of Higher Taxa | |
| |
| |
| Family Concepts and Their Use in Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| Practical Significance in Biology | |
| |
| |
| Describing Families | |
| |
| |
| Family-Level Descriptions: Examples | |
| |
| |
| Redescriptions of Family-Level Taxa | |
| |
| |
| Descriptions of Taxa Above the Family Level | |
| |
| |
| Problems with Nomenclature of Higher Taxa | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Common Problems | |
| |
| |
| Missing Types | |
| |
| |
| Lectotypes | |
| |
| |
| Neotypes | |
| |
| |
| Necessary Name Changes | |
| |
| |
| Replacement Names: Homonymy | |
| |
| |
| Conservation of a Name | |
| |
| |
| Emendations | |
| |
| |
| New Combinations | |
| |
| |
| Lack of Information | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further Studies in Systematics | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Systematics | |
| |
| |
| Phenetics | |
| |
| |
| Cladistics | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Systematics | |
| |
| |
| Biogeography | |
| |
| |
| Comparative Biology | |
| |
| |
| Sources | |
| |
| |
| Literature Cited | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| Taxon Index | |