| |
| |
| List of Tables | |
| |
| |
| List of Figures | |
| |
| |
| List of Boxes | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Publisher's Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adulthood, Development and the Biopsychosocial Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| Ways of defining adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Defining adult development | |
| |
| |
| Three kinds of change in development | |
| |
| |
| The biopsychosocial paradigm of development | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research Methods in Adult Development | |
| |
| |
| Description, understanding, explanation and prediction | |
| |
| |
| Developmental research designs | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative methods in adult development | |
| |
| |
| Qualitative methods in adult development | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| The Neo-Piagetian paradigm | |
| |
| |
| The psychometric paradigm of cognitive ageing | |
| |
| |
| Individual differences in cognitive ageing in older adults | |
| |
| |
| Who improves, who maintains, who declines in cognitive ability? | |
| |
| |
| Ways of enhancing cognitive ability in older adults | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotional Development | |
| |
| |
| The functionalist theory of emotions | |
| |
| |
| Emotional developments in childhood: A very brief review | |
| |
| |
| Adult emotional development | |
| |
| |
| Developments in emotional complexity and emotional integration | |
| |
| |
| Changes in happiness and subjective wellbeing with age | |
| |
| |
| The positivity effect in older adults | |
| |
| |
| Changes in emotional intelligence and emotional regulation across adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Emotions within specific contexts in adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivational Development | |
| |
| |
| The primary drives across adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Classic lifespan goal theories | |
| |
| |
| Contemporary lifespan goal theories | |
| |
| |
| Selection, Optimisation and Compensation (SOC) Theory | |
| |
| |
| Self-efficacy in adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Motivational maturity: The importance of intrinsically motivated and integrated goals | |
| |
| |
| Purpose and meaning in adulthood: The search for ultimate goals | |
| |
| |
| Adult motivation in context: The motive to volunteer | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychosocial Life Stages, Transitions and Crises | |
| |
| |
| Erik Erikson's model of the life-cycle | |
| |
| |
| Transition and crisis | |
| |
| |
| Emerging adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Early adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Early adult crisis ('quarterlife' crisis) | |
| |
| |
| The transition to parenthood | |
| |
| |
| Midlife: The afternoon of life | |
| |
| |
| Midlife transition and crisis | |
| |
| |
| Menopause | |
| |
| |
| The Third Age | |
| |
| |
| The Fourth Age | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments: A critique of psychosocial stage and transition theories | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personality Development | |
| |
| |
| Trait theory | |
| |
| |
| Cross-sectional adult age differences in the Big Five traits | |
| |
| |
| Four kinds of longitudinal change in traits | |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal research on personality trait change | |
| |
| |
| Genes and environment in adult trait change | |
| |
| |
| The mature personality: Five conceptions | |
| |
| |
| Theories of ego development | |
| |
| |
| The life story approach to personality development | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Development | |
| |
| |
| Lawrence Kohlberg: A pioneer in moral development | |
| |
| |
| Kohlberg's six-stage model | |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal studies with adults using Kohlberg's method | |
| |
| |
| The Minnesota 'Neo-Kohlbergian' approach | |
| |
| |
| The moral cognition - moral action question | |
| |
| |
| Carol Gilligan and the ethic of care | |
| |
| |
| Jonathan Haidt and the Social Intuitionist Model | |
| |
| |
| Martin Hoffman and the theory of prosocial morality | |
| |
| |
| The pragmatic approach of Krebs and Denton | |
| |
| |
| Crime in adulthood: When moral development fails | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| The Berlin Wisdom Paradigm | |
| |
| |
| Sternberg's balance theory of wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Practical and transcendent wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Self-report questionnaires assessing wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Wisdom and age | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spirituality and Religiosity | |
| |
| |
| Spiritual/religious development: Differing empirical approaches | |
| |
| |
| Religiosity, spirituality and age | |
| |
| |
| Life events and religiosity | |
| |
| |
| The directional perspective: Theories of religious or spiritual progress | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mental Disorder, Age and Adult Life Events | |
| |
| |
| Diathesis-stress models | |
| |
| |
| George W. Brown and the Bedford method of assessing life events | |
| |
| |
| Disorders with typical onset in late adolescence/emerging adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Disorders with typical onset in early adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Disorders with typical onset in late adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Developments in Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Romantic attachment in adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Attachment to parents in adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Love | |
| |
| |
| Marriage and cohabitation | |
| |
| |
| Parenthood and the family life-cycle | |
| |
| |
| Divorce | |
| |
| |
| Same-sex couples | |
| |
| |
| Friendship in adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Grandparenthood | |
| |
| |
| Disengagement theory and social relationships in old age | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Career Development and Retirement | |
| |
| |
| Career decision-making | |
| |
| |
| Career change | |
| |
| |
| Unemployment and job loss | |
| |
| |
| Gender and the changing challenges of work-family balance | |
| |
| |
| Retirement | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dying and Bereavement | |
| |
| |
| The process of dying: Coping with terminal illness | |
| |
| |
| Bereavement and grief | |
| |
| |
| Concluding comments | |
| |
| |
| Questions for you to reflect on | |
| |
| |
| Summary points | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |