| |
| |
| List of Figures | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Author Biographies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution, Adaptation, Cognition, and Behavior: An Introduction | |
| |
| |
| On Minds, Thought, and Intelligence in Animals | |
| |
| |
| Historical Background: Darwin, Wallace, and the Minds of Beasts | |
| |
| |
| A Cautionary Tale and a Canon | |
| |
| |
| Clever Hans: the horse with the intelligence of a 14-year-old child | |
| |
| |
| Lloyd Morgan's canon: the most awesome weapon in animal psychology | |
| |
| |
| Now and the Future | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Ways of Seeing the World | |
| |
| |
| Vision | |
| |
| |
| The pigeon's eye view of the world: a case study in animal vision | |
| |
| |
| Patterns and pictures | |
| |
| |
| Smell | |
| |
| |
| Hearing | |
| |
| |
| Magnetic sensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Electric sense | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity to air pressure | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concept Formation | |
| |
| |
| Perceptual Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Object Permanence | |
| |
| |
| Relational Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Same-different | |
| |
| |
| Stimulus equivalence | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time and Number | |
| |
| |
| Time | |
| |
| |
| Learning about time of day | |
| |
| |
| Learning about short time intervals | |
| |
| |
| Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Relative number judgments: more or less | |
| |
| |
| Absolute number | |
| |
| |
| Counting | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cause and Effect | |
| |
| |
| Pavlovian Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Outline | |
| |
| |
| Pavlovian conditioning through the animal kingdom | |
| |
| |
| What is learned in Pavlovian conditioning? | |
| |
| |
| Instrumental Conditioning | |
| |
| |
| Outline | |
| |
| |
| Learning from consequences | |
| |
| |
| Instrumental conditioning throughout the animal kingdom | |
| |
| |
| What is learned in instrumental conditioning? | |
| |
| |
| Biological predispositions and roadblocks | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Tool Use | |
| |
| |
| Insight | |
| |
| |
| Reasoning by Analogy | |
| |
| |
| Series Learning I: Transitive Inference | |
| |
| |
| Series Learning II: Linear Ordering | |
| |
| |
| Fairness | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Navigation | |
| |
| |
| Spatial Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Dead reckoning | |
| |
| |
| Routes, landmarks, and beacons | |
| |
| |
| The sun-compass | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive maps and shortcuts | |
| |
| |
| Case studies | |
| |
| |
| Pigeon homing | |
| |
| |
| Bees foraging | |
| |
| |
| Distractions, side biases, and other considerations | |
| |
| |
| Migration | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Cognition and Self-Awareness | |
| |
| |
| Self-Recognition: Is That Me? - Studies on Mirror Recognition | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity to the Actions of Others | |
| |
| |
| What Are You Looking At? Sensitivity to the Gaze of Others | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Mind | |
| |
| |
| Do You See What I See? | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Learning | |
| |
| |
| Social Influence | |
| |
| |
| Social facilitation | |
| |
| |
| Stimulus and local enhancement | |
| |
| |
| Affordance learning | |
| |
| |
| Social Learning: What Is It, Why Do It? | |
| |
| |
| Imitation - The Sincerest Form of Flattery | |
| |
| |
| True imitation | |
| |
| |
| Emulation | |
| |
| |
| Same end, different means | |
| |
| |
| Same means, different end | |
| |
| |
| Same means, competitive end | |
| |
| |
| Teaching | |
| |
| |
| Teaching in meerkats | |
| |
| |
| Teaching in ants | |
| |
| |
| Teaching in apes | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Remembering | |
| |
| |
| Simple Memories | |
| |
| |
| Short-Term Memory | |
| |
| |
| Capacity | |
| |
| |
| Duration | |
| |
| |
| Serial order effects | |
| |
| |
| What causes forgetting? | |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Memory | |
| |
| |
| Food-storing birds | |
| |
| |
| Marsh tits and chickadees | |
| |
| |
| Nutcrackers | |
| |
| |
| Pigeons | |
| |
| |
| Implicit and Explicit Memory | |
| |
| |
| Metamemory - knowledge of what one remembers | |
| |
| |
| Episodic memory - what, when, and where | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Animal Communication in the Wild | |
| |
| |
| The Dance of the Honeybee | |
| |
| |
| Chicken Alarm Calls | |
| |
| |
| Vervet Monkeys of Kenya | |
| |
| |
| Diana Monkeys Eavesdropping on Other Species' Signals | |
| |
| |
| Dolphins | |
| |
| |
| The Function and Evolution of Referential Calls | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| Ape Language Studies | |
| |
| |
| Words | |
| |
| |
| Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Kanzi | |
| |
| |
| Language Training with Other Species | |
| |
| |
| Communicating with Dolphins | |
| |
| |
| Irene Pepperberg and Alex | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions and Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| Brain Size | |
| |
| |
| Learning Set | |
| |
| |
| Taking the Person Out of Animal Personality | |
| |
| |
| Are There Really Differences between Species? | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Web sources | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |