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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Semantics and pragmatics | |
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| Kinds of meaning | |
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| Denotation and Sense | |
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| Lexical and structural meaning | |
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| Categorematic and syncategorematic expressions | |
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| Truth-conditional theories of meaning | |
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| Denotations | |
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| Possible worlds, extension and intension | |
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| Truth conditions | |
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| Truth-based relations between statements | |
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| Implicature | |
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| The Principle of Relevance | |
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| The Principle of Informativeness | |
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| Other contextual factors: indexicality and anaphors | |
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| Presupposition | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Basic Logical Tools | |
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| Representations for meanings | |
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| The logical connectives | |
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| Conjunction | |
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| Negation | |
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| Disjunction | |
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| The material implication connective | |
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| The biconditional connective | |
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| Predicates and arguments | |
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| Predicates, verbs and the number of arguments | |
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| Sentences as arguments | |
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| Path arguments | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Logical Quantifiers | |
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| The universal quantifier | |
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| The existential quantifier | |
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| Intersective and non-intersective adjectives | |
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| The logical quantifiers are interdefinable | |
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| Scope and scopal ambiguity | |
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| Scope and tree diagrams | |
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| Scopal ambiguity | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Formal Composition | |
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| Types | |
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| Functions | |
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| Types of function | |
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| Lambda abstraction | |
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| Some general rules for semantic composition | |
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| Predicate variables | |
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| Summary of rules and definitions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Modality and Possible Worlds | |
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| Kinds of modality | |
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| Logical modality | |
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| Epistemic modality | |
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| Deontic modality | |
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| Modality and possible worlds | |
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| Logical modality and possible worlds | |
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| Epistemic modality and possible worlds | |
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| Deontic modality and possible worlds | |
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| Interdefinability with negation | |
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| Counterfactuals | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Generalized Quantifiers | |
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| Quantification beyond first order logic | |
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| Generalized Quantifier Theory | |
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| Different types of quantifier determiner | |
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| Group 1 and Group 2 determiners | |
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| The ambiguity of few and many | |
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| Few and a few | |
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| Some and several | |
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| Restricted quantifier notation | |
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| Scopal ambiguity | |
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| Proportional determiners and discourse familiarity | |
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| Strong and weak determiners and there BE sentences | |
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| The definiteness effect | |
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| Types of there BE sentence | |
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| Determiner the and definite descriptions | |
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| Russell's Theory of Descriptions | |
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| The as a generalized quantifier | |
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| Definite descriptions as strong NPs | |
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| Familiarity effects | |
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| Definite descriptions in there BE contexts | |
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| Definite descriptions and scopal ambiguity | |
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| Quantifiers and negative polarity items | |
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| Generalized quantifiers as lambda functions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Referential Opacity | |
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| Quine's referential opacity | |
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| Modality, descriptions and names | |
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| Modality and names | |
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| Modality and descriptions | |
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| Propositional attitudes and descriptions | |
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| Summary: descriptions and scope | |
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| Propositional attitudes and names | |
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| De re and de dicto readings with other quantifiers | |
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| Indefinite descriptions and specificity | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Aktionsarten: Aspectual Classes of Events | |
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| Vendler's four aspectual classes | |
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| Diagnostic tests for aktionsarten | |
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| In adverbials | |
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| The take time construction | |
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| For adverbials | |
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| The sub-interval property | |
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| Entailments of the progressive | |
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| Duration and the progressive | |
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| Telicity and boundedness | |
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| Semelfactive predicates | |
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| Aktionsarten and agentivity | |
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| Nominal and verbal aspect | |
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| Closing comment | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Tense and Aspect | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The English verb group | |
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| Interpretations of present, past, progressive and perfect | |
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| Interpretations of the present tense | |
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| Interpretations of the past tense | |
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| Other forms for future and habitual | |
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| Interpretations of the progressive | |
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| Interpretations of the present perfect | |
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| Present time adverbials | |
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| Current result states | |
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| 'Hot news' perfect | |
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| Continuing state | |
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| Tense as an operator | |
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| Tense and reference to times | |
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| Reichenbach's analysis of tense | |
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| Reference to times in a narrative | |
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| Reference time movement | |
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| State/progressive includes reference time: reference time includes bounded event | |
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| Is r the same as Reichenbach's R? | |
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| General principles for temporal interpretation in narrative | |
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| Adding tense | |
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| Closing comment | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Thematic Roles and Lexical Conceptual Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Traditional thematic roles | |
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| Agent/Actor and Patient | |
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| Localist roles | |
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| Recipient and benefactive | |
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| Experiencer and stimulus | |
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| Do adjuncts have thematic roles? | |
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| Themes and Patients | |
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| Summary | |
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| More detailed analysis of thematic roles | |
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| Lexical conceptual structure and thematic roles | |
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| The action tier | |
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| Theme, goal and location | |
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| Experiencer and stimulus | |
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| Motion event roles | |
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| Recipient and benefactive | |
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| Summary of theta roles in LCS | |
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| Verb classes and LCS | |
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| Closing comment | |
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| Summary of LCS symbols and definitions with selected examples | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Events | |
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| Davidson's analysis of action sentences | |
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| Neodavidsonian developments | |
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| Separation of direct arguments | |
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| Relations to events | |
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| The adicity of verbal predicates | |
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| Events and perception verbs | |
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| Adding tense and NP quantifiers | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |