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| Preface | |
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| The Place of Sociophonetics | |
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| A youthful field | |
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| What is sociophonetics? | |
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| History of sociophonetics | |
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| Plan of this book | |
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| Production | |
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| Production versus perception | |
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| Basic acoustic and signal-processing concepts | |
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| The source-filter theory | |
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| Measuring the fundamental frequency | |
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| Measuring formants | |
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| Measuring articulation directly | |
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| Brain imaging techniques and production | |
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| Perception | |
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| Approaching speech perception | |
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| Auditory transformation | |
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| Perception experiments | |
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| Brain imaging techniques and perception | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Lots of attention, but... | |
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| Manner of articulation | |
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| Place of articulation: transitions | |
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| Place of articulation: frication and burst spectra | |
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| Place of articulation: direct measurement of articulation | |
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| Voice onset time | |
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| Processes affecting coda stops | |
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| Other voicing properties | |
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| Laterals | |
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| Rhotics | |
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| Deletion of consonants | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Vowels in context | |
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| Duration | |
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| Applying vowel formant analysis | |
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| Points to measure | |
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| Plotting vowel formant measurements | |
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| Vowel normalization | |
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| Interactions between vowel variation and voice quality | |
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| Steady-state patterns | |
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| Undershoot | |
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| Prosody | |
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| Diverse and full of opportunities | |
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| Global factors | |
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| Lexical prosody | |
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| Intonation | |
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| Other post-lexical prosody | |
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| Voice Quality | |
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| The status of voice quality | |
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| Measurement domain | |
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| Laryngeal factors | |
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| Supralaryngeal settings | |
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| Tenseness | |
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| Combinations of Different Types of Variables | |
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| Combining variables in production studies | |
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| Combining variables in perception studies | |
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| Links between sociophonetics and abstract linguistic issues | |
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| Variation and the Cognitive Processing of Sounds | |
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| Phonetic processes aren't always automatic | |
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| Variability in cues used for contrasts | |
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| Phasing of gestures | |
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| Variations in undershoot | |
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| Prototype Theory and Exemplar Theory | |
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| Sound Change | |
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| (In)separability of linguistic and social factors | |
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| Approaches to the causes of sound change from phonetics | |
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| Approaches to the causes of sound change from sociolinguistics | |
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| Social Factors and Phonetics | |
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| Socio...linguistics | |
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| Intraspeaker variation | |
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| Clustering of subjects | |
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| Cognitive sociolinguistics | |
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| Lateral Transfer | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |