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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Arguments, Valid Arguments, and Argument Schemata | |
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| Logic and Meaning | |
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| Logical Constants and Logical Systems | |
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| Logic and Linguistics before the Twentieth Century | |
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| The Twentieth Century | |
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| Logical Form versus Grammatical Form | |
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| Ordinary Language Philosophy | |
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| Linguistics and Philosophy | |
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| Formal Languages | |
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| Propositional Logic | |
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| Truth-Functional Connectives | |
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| Connectives and Truth Tables | |
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| Formulas | |
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| Functions | |
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| The Semantics of Propositional Logic | |
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| Truth Functions | |
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| Coordinating and Subordinating Connectives | |
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| Predicate Logic | |
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| Atomic Setences | |
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| Quantifying Expressions: Quantifiers | |
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| Formulas | |
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| Some More Quantifying Expressions and Their Translations | |
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| Sets | |
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| The Semantics of Predicate Logic | |
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| Interpretation Functions | |
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| Interpretation by Substitution | |
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| Interpretation by Means of Assignments | |
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| Universal Validity | |
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| Rules | |
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| Identity | |
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| Some Properties of Relations | |
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| Function Symbols | |
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| Arguments and Inferences | |
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| Arguments and Argument Schemata | |
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| Semantic Inference Relations | |
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| Semantic Validity | |
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| The Principle of Extensionality | |
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| Natural Deduction: A Syntactic Approach to Inference | |
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| Introduction and Elimination Rules | |
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| Conjunction | |
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| Implication | |
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| Disjunction | |
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| Negation | |
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| Quantifiers | |
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| Rules | |
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| Soundness and Completeness | |
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| Beyond Standard Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definite Descriptions | |
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| Restricted Quantification: Many-Sorted Predicate Logic | |
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| Second-Order Logic | |
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| Many-Valued Logic | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Three-Valued Logical Systems | |
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| Three-Valued Logics and the Semantic Notion of Presupposition | |
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| Logical Systems with More than Three Values | |
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| Four-Valued Logics and the Semantic Notion of Presupposition | |
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| The Limits of Many-Valued Logics in the Analysis of Presupposition | |
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| Elimination of Variables | |
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| Pragmatics: Meaning and Usage | |
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| Non-Truth-Conditional Aspects of Meaning | |
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| Logical Conjunction and Word Order | |
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| Usage and the Cooperation Principle | |
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| Inclusive and Exclusive Disjunction | |
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| Disjunctions and Informativeness | |
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| Conversational Maxims and Conversational Implicatures | |
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| The Controversial Implicatures of Disjunctions | |
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| Implication and Informativeness | |
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| Presuppositions and Conversational Implicatures | |
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| Conventional Implicatures, Presuppositions, and Implications | |
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| Formal Syntax | |
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| The Hierarchy of Rewrite Rules | |
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| Grammars and Automata | |
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| The Theory of Formal Languages | |
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| Grammatical Complexity of Natural Languages | |
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| Grammars, Automata, and Logic Solutions to Exercises | |
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| Bibliographical | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |