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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Abbreviations and Technical Terms, Short Titles, and Keys to Symbols | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Context within Current Scholarship on Same-Sex Love in Antiquity | |
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| This Study within the Context of Ancient Mediterranean Women's History | |
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| This Study within the Context of Lesbian History | |
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| Female Homoeroticism in the Roman World: The Cultural Context of Early Christianity | |
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| Introduction: Of Sappho, Woman-Woman Marriage, and the Ways of the Egyptians | |
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| Sappho of Lesbos | |
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| Classical and Hellenistic Greek Literature | |
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| Classical Latin Literature | |
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| Greek Authors of the Roman Period | |
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| Artistic Representations | |
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| Postbiblical Judaism | |
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| "Inflame Her Liver with Love": Greek Erotic Spells from Egypt | |
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| The Female Homoerotic Binding Spells: Texts and Commentary | |
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| Interpreting Cultural Ideology | |
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| Reconstructing Women's History | |
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| The Erotic Spells, Magic, and Religion | |
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| The Spells and Early Christianity | |
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| Predetermined Erotic Orientations: Astrological Texts | |
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| Dorotheos of Sidon | |
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| Manetho | |
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| Ptolemy | |
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| Vettius Valens | |
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| Hermes Trismegistos | |
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| Firmicus Maternus | |
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| Hephaistion of Thebes | |
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| Women with Masculine Desires: Medical Treatments | |
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| Tribades as Mentally Ill | |
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| Clitoridectomy for Women with Masculine Desires | |
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| The Medical Heritage of Female Homoeroticism | |
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| Unnatural Love: Classifying Dreams | |
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| Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism | |
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| Introduction: Of British Schoolteachers and Romans | |
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| Paul's Letter to the Romans: Interpretive Frameworks and Female Homoeroticism | |
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| Literary Approaches to Romans | |
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| Interpretive Frameworks for Romans 1:18-32 | |
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| Romans 1:18-32: A Commentary | |
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| Commentary on Romans 1:16-32 | |
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| Excursus: The Debate on Natural Theology | |
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| Excursus: An Anthropological Understanding of Impurity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Intertextual Echoes in Romans 1:18-32 | |
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| Natural Law | |
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| Nature | |
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| Nature as the Order of Creation | |
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| Natures as the Gendered Nature of Human Beings | |
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| Romans 1:26f and Jewish Law | |
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| Wisdom of Solomon 12:23-15:19 and Romans 1:18-32 | |
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| How Other Ancient Sources on Sexual Love Between Women Can Help Us Understand Paul's Condemnation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Tortures in Hell: Early Church Fathers on Female Homoeroticism | |
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| Apocalyptic Visions of God's Punishment for Sexual Relations Between Women | |
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| Women Casting Themselves off a Cliff in Hell: The Apocalypse of Peter | |
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| Women Burning in Hell: The Acts of Thomas | |
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| Women Running in a River of Fire: The Apocalypse of Paul | |
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| Patristic Writers of the Second and Third Centuries | |
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| Women Who Defy Nature and the Social Order: Tertullian of Carthage | |
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| Women Who Marry Other Women: Clement of Alexandria | |
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| Excursus: Ancient Marginal Notes on Clement | |
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| Heretics Who Promote Equality: Hippolytos on the Naassenes | |
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| Church Awareness of Sexual Love Between Women in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries | |
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| "Nature knows her own boundaries": John Chrysostom on Romans 1:26f | |
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| Homoeroticism in a Monastic Setting: Shenute of Atripe | |
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| Let Nuns Go Out in Groups of Three: Augustine of Hippo | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Select Annotated Bibliography on Romans 1:26f and the New Testament and Homosexuality Generally | |
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| Indexes | |