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| Preface | |
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| Research, Researchers, and Readers | |
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| Prologue: Starting a Research Project | |
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| Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private | |
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| What Is Research? | |
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| Why Write It Up? | |
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| Why a Formal Report? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Connecting with Your Reader: (Re)Creating Your Self and Your Audience | |
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| Creating Roles for Writers and Readers | |
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| Creating a Relationship with Your Reader: Your Role | |
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| Creating the Other Half of the Relationship: The Reader's Role | |
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| Writing in Groups | |
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| Managing the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience | |
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| Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers | |
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| Asking Questions, Finding Answers | |
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| Prologue: Planning Your Project | |
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| From Topics to Questions | |
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| From an Interest to a Topic | |
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| From a Broad Topic to a Focused One | |
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| From a Focused Topic to Questions | |
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| From a Merely Interesting Question to Its Wider Significance | |
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| Quick Tip: Finding Topics | |
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| From Questions to Problems | |
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| Problems, Problems, Problems | |
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| The Common Structure of Problems | |
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| Finding a Good Research Problem | |
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| Summary: The Problem of the Problem | |
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| Quick Tip: Disagreeing with Your Sources | |
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| From Problems to Sources | |
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| Screening Sources for Reliability | |
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| Locating Printed and Recorded Sources | |
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| Finding Sources on the Internet | |
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| Gathering Data Directly from People | |
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| Bibliographic Trails | |
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| What You Find | |
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| Using Sources | |
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| Three Uses for Sources | |
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| Reading Generously but Critically | |
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| Preserving What You Find | |
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| Getting Help | |
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| Quick Tip: Speedy Reading | |
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| Making a Claim and Supporting it | |
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| Prologue: Pulling Together Your Argument | |
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| Making Good Arguments: An Overview | |
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| Argument and Conversation | |
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| Basing Claims on Reasons | |
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| Basing Reasons on Evidence | |
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| Acknowledging and Responding to Alternatives | |
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| Warranting the Relevance of Reasons | |
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| Building Complex Arguments Out of Simple Ones | |
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| Arguments and Your Ethos | |
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| Quick Tip: Designing Arguments Not for Yourself but for Your Readers: Two Common Pitfalls | |
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| Claims | |
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| What Kind of Claim? | |
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| Evaluating Your Claim | |
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| Quick Tip: Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility | |
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| Reasons and Evidence | |
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| Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument | |
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| The Slippery Distinction between Reasons and Evidence | |
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| Evidence vs. Reports of Evidence | |
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| Selecting the Right Form for Reporting Evidence | |
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| Reliable Evidence | |
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| Quick Tip: Showing the Relevance of Evidence | |
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| Acknowledgments and Responses | |
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| Questioning Your Argument | |
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| Finding Alternatives to Your Argument | |
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| Deciding What to Acknowledge | |
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| Responses as Subordinate Arguments | |
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| Quick Tip: The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response | |
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| Warrants | |
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| How Warrants Work | |
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| What Warrants Look Like | |
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| Knowing When to State a Warrant | |
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| Testing Your Warrants | |
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| Challenging the Warrants of Others | |
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| Quick Tip: Some Strategies for Challenging Warrants | |
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| Preparing to Draft, Drafting, and Revising | |
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| Prologue: Planning Again | |
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| Quick Tip: Outlining | |
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| Planning and Drafting | |
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| Preliminaries to Drafting | |
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| Planning: Four Traps to Avoid | |
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| A Plan for Drafting | |
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| The Pitfall to Avoid at All Costs: Plagiarism | |
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| The Next Step | |
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| Quick Tip: Using Quotation and Paraphrase | |
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| Revising Your Organization and Argument | |
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| Thinking Like a Reader | |
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| Analyzing and Revising Your Overall Organization | |
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| Revising Your Argument | |
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| The Last Step | |
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| Quick Tip: Titles and Abstracts | |
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| Introductions and Conclusions | |
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| The Three Elements of an Introduction | |
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| Establishing Common Ground | |
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| Stating Your Problem | |
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| Stating Your Response | |
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| Fast or Slow? | |
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| Organizing the Whole Introduction | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Quick Tip: Opening and Closing Words | |
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| Communicating Evidence Visually | |
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| Visual or Verbal? | |
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| Tables vs. Figures | |
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| Constructing Tables | |
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| Constructing Figures | |
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| Visual Communication and Ethics | |
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| Using Graphics as an Aid to Thinking | |
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| Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly | |
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| Judging Style | |
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| A First Principle: Stories and Grammar | |
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| A Second Principle: Old Before New | |
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| Choosing between Active and Passive | |
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| A Final Principle: Complexity Last | |
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| Spit and Polish | |
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| Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision | |
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| Some Last Considerations | |
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| The Ethics of Research | |
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| A Postscript for Teachers | |
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| An Appendix on Finding Sources | |
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| General Sources | |
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| Special Sources | |
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| A Note on Some of Our Sources | |
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| Index | |