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| Preface | |
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| Understanding Underdevelopment | |
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| Third World Commonalities: The Nature of Underdevelopment | |
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| Economic Underdevelopment | |
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| Social Underdevelopment | |
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| Political Underdevelopment | |
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| Some Relationships between the Components of Development | |
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| The Causes of Underdevelopment | |
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| Modernization Theory and the Importance of Cultural Values | |
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| Dependency Theory: The Core and the Periphery | |
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| Modernization and Dependency Theories Compared | |
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| Contemporary Perspectives | |
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| How Much (or How Little) Progress Has Been Made? | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy | |
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| Democracy Defined | |
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| Democratic Transition and Consolidation | |
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| Authoritarian Beginnings | |
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| Justifying Authoritarian Rule | |
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| The Third Wave and Its Effect on the Third World | |
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| International Causes and Consequences of the Third Wave | |
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| The Prerequisites of Democracy in Individual Countries | |
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| Social and Economic Modernization | |
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| Class Structure | |
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| Political Culture | |
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| The Curse of Oil Wealth | |
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| How Do Democracies Perform? Public Policy Compared | |
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| Democratic Consolidation | |
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| Improving the Quality of Democracy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Religion and Politics | |
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| The Meeting of Church and State | |
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| Great Religions of the Third World | |
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| Religion, Modernity, and Secularization | |
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| Structural and Theological Bases of Church-State Relations | |
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| Islam | |
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| Catholicism | |
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| Hinduism and Buddhism | |
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| Religious Fundamentalism and Islamism | |
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| Defining and Explaining Fundamentalism | |
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| Fundamentalists: Radical and Conservative | |
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| The Iranian Revolution: Radical Islamism as a Reaction to Western-Style Modernization | |
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| Al Qaeda and Militant Islamism | |
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| Islamist Terrorists in Western Europe: A New Frontier | |
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| Turkey and Moderate Islamism | |
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| The Strengthening of Moderate Islam | |
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| The Progressive Catholic Church | |
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| The Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World | |
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| Conclusion: Religion and Democracy | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict | |
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| Defining Ethnicity | |
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| Ethnic and State Boundaries | |
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| Types of Ethnic-Cultural Divisions | |
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| Nationality | |
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| Tribe | |
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| Race | |
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| Religion | |
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| Dependency, Modernization, and Ethnic Conflict | |
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| Levels of Interethnic Conflict | |
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| Relative Harmony | |
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| Uneasy Balance | |
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| Enforced Hierarchy (Ethnic Dominance) | |
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| Systematic Violence | |
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| Outcomes and Resolutions | |
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| Power Sharing: Federalism and Consociationalism | |
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| Secession | |
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| Outside Intervention | |
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| Outside Intervention in Iraq: The Effect of the U.S. Occupation on Kurdish Autonomy | |
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| Settlement through Exhaustion | |
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| Toward a Peaceful Resolution of Conflict | |
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| Conclusion: Ethnic Pluralism and Democracy | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Women and Development | |
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| The Political and Socioeconomic Status of Third World Women | |
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| Modernization and the Economic Status of Women | |
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| Women in the Economy: Rural and Urban | |
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| Women and Politics | |
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| Women's Political Activism at the Grass Roots | |
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| Women as National Political Leaders | |
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| Reserved Seats and Quotas: Female Representation in Parliament and the Cabinet | |
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| Women and Revolutionary Change | |
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| The Status of Women: The Roles of Modernization, Globalization, and Regime Type | |
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| Conclusion: Democracy and the Role of Women in Society | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Agrarian Reform and the Politics of Rural Change | |
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| Rural Class Structures | |
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| Peasant Politics | |
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| The Politics of Agrarian Reform | |
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| Patterns of Land Concentration | |
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| The Case for Agrarian Reform | |
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| Types of Agrarian Reform | |
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| Externally Imposed Reform | |
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| Revolutionary Transformation | |
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| Moderate Reformism | |
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| The Limits of Agrarian Reform | |
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| Other Approaches and Issues | |
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| Crop Pricing | |
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| Integrated Rural Development | |
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| Conclusion: Democracy and Rural Reform | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Rapid Urbanization and the Politics of the Urban Poor | |
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| The Third World's Urban Explosion | |
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| The Political Consequences of Urban Growth | |
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| The Search for Employment | |
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| The Urban Poor's Struggle for Housing | |
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| Public Housing and the Role of the State | |
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| Spontaneous Housing | |
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| Sites-and-Services Programs | |
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| The Problem of Urban Crime | |
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| The Politics of the Urban Poor: Conflicting Images | |
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| Forms of Political Expression among the Urban Poor | |
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| Individual Political Behavior | |
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| Collective Goals: Housing and Urban Services | |
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| Radical Political Behavior | |
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| Conclusion: Future Urban Growth and Democratic Politics | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Revolutionary Change | |
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| Defining Revolution | |
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| Underlying Causes of Revolution | |
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| Inexorable Historical Forces | |
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| Regime Decay | |
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| Challenges from Below | |
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| Causes of Revolution: A Summary | |
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| Levels of Popular Support | |
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| Peasants as Revolutionaries | |
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| Why Peasants Rebel | |
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| Which Peasants Rebel | |
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| Revolutionary Leadership | |
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| Revolutionaries in Power | |
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| Conclusion: Revolutionary Change and Democracy | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Soldiers and Politics | |
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| The Causes of Military Intervention | |
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| The Nature of the Armed Forces | |
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| The Nature of Civil Society | |
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| Progressive Soldiers and Military Conservatives | |
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| The Types and Goals of Military Regimes | |
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| Personalistic Regimes | |
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| Institutional Military Regimes | |
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| The Accomplishment and Failures of Military Regimes | |
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| Combating Corruption | |
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| Defending Military Interests | |
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| Patterns in Military Spending | |
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| Establishing Stability | |
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| Improving the Economy | |
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| Military Withdrawal from Politics | |
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| New Roles for the Armed Forces | |
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| Improved Civil-Military Relationships | |
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| Conclusion: Democracy and the Military | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Political Economy of Third World Development | |
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| The Role of the State | |
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| The Command Economy | |
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| Latin American Statism | |
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| East Asia's Developmental State | |
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| The Neoclassical Ideal | |
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| Finding a Proper Role for the State | |
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| Industrialization Strategies | |
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| Import-Substituting Industrialization | |
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| Export-Oriented Industrialization | |
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| Growth with Equity | |
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| Economic Development and the Environment | |
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| The Costs of Growth | |
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| Environmental Decay as a Third World Problem | |
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| Third World Environmental Decay and Global Warming: A Global Problem | |
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| The Search for Sustainable Development | |
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| Some Signs of Progress | |
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| Finding the Right Mix | |
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| The Effects of Globalization on Developing Nations | |
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| Conclusion: Democracy and Economic Development | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |