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Planning, Drafting, And Revising | |
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Think as a Writer | |
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Think about the process of communication | |
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Think about how to persuade others | |
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Think about your audience | |
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Think about your credibility | |
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Think about your purpose | |
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Plan and Draft | |
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Think about the expectations of college readers | |
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Establish your goals | |
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Explore your topic | |
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Write a working thesis | |
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Plan a strategy | |
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Compose a draft | |
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Write as a member of a team | |
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Compose Paragraphs | |
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Focus your paragraphs | |
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Organize your paragraphs | |
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Make your paragraphs coherent | |
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Consider paragraph length | |
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Link across paragraphs | |
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Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs | |
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Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread | |
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Switch from writer to reader | |
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Learn strategies for rewriting | |
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Respond to other writers' drafts | |
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Edit for particular goals | |
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Proofread carefully | |
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Learn to edit the writing of others | |
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Writing For Different Purposes | |
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Read and View with a Critical Eye | |
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Become a critical reader | |
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Read actively | |
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Recognize verbal fallacies | |
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Become a critical viewer | |
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Recognize visual fallacies | |
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Write to Analyze | |
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Understand the goal of a rhetorical analysis | |
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Analyze the context and the text | |
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Organize and write a rhetorical analysis | |
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Sample rhetorical analysis | |
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Analyze images and other visual texts | |
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Write to Reflect | |
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Find a reflective topic | |
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Identify a focus | |
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Organize and write a reflection | |
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Sample reflective essay | |
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Write to Inform | |
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Find an informative topic | |
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Narrow your topic and write a thesis | |
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Organize and write an informative essay | |
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Sample informative essay | |
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Write Arguments | |
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Position arguments and proposal arguments | |
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Find an arguable topic | |
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Make an arguable claim | |
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Organize and write a position argument | |
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Sample position argument | |
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Organize and write a proposal argument | |
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Sample proposal arguments | |
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Writing In The Disciplines | |
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Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines | |
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Become an academic writer | |
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What counts as evidence in the disciplines? | |
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Write in Specific Genres | |
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Write an essay examination | |
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Write an observation | |
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Write a case study | |
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Write a lab report in the sciences | |
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Write a letter of application | |
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Write a r�sum� | |
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Write about Literature | |
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Become a critical reader of literature | |
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Develop an interpretation | |
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Write a literary analysis | |
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Sample literary analysis | |
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Designing And Presenting | |
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Communicate with Words, Images, and Graphics | |
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Write in multimedia | |
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Think about verbal and visual relationships | |
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Know where images and graphics work best | |
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Know where words work best | |
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Design for Print and the Screen | |
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Start with your readers | |
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Design pages | |
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Choose type | |
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Compose images | |
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Edit images | |
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Create tables, charts, and graphs | |
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Design a Web site | |
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Design Presentations | |
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Plan a presentation | |
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Design visuals for a presentation | |
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Deliver an effective presentation | |
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Researching | |
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Plan Your Research | |
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Analyze the research task | |
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Find a topic | |
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Determine what kind of research you need | |
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Draft a working thesis | |
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Start a working bibliography | |
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Find and Evaluate Sources in Databases | |
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Know the strengths of database sources | |
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Find information in databases | |
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Construct effective database searches | |
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Evaluate database sources | |
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Locate elements of a citation in database sources | |
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Find and Evaluate Sources on the Web | |
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Know the strengths and weaknesses of Web sources | |
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Find reliable Web sources | |
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Construct effective Web searches | |
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Find visual sources online | |
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Evaluate Web sources | |
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Locate elements of a citation in Web sources | |
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Find and Evaluate Print Sources | |
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Know the strengths of print sources | |
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Find books | |
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Find journal articles | |
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Evaluate print sources | |
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Locate elements of a citation in print sources | |
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Plan Field Research | |
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Know what you can obtain from field research | |
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Conduct interviews | |
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Administer surveys | |
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Make observations | |
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Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism | |
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Understand the purposes of sources | |
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Incorporate sources | |
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Avoid plagiarism | |
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Quote sources without plagiarizing | |
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Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing | |
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Write and Revise the Research Project | |
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Revisit your research | |
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Plan your organization | |
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Write a draft | |
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Select and introduce quotations | |
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Review your draft | |
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Revise, revise, revise | |
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Documenting | |
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Five Steps for Documenting Sources | |
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Which documentation style do I use? | |
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What kind of source am I using? | |
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When do I cite sources? | |
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How do I cite a source in my paper? | |
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How do I cite sources at the end of my paper? | |
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MLA Documentation | |
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In-text citations in MLA style | |
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Books in MLA-style works cited | |
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Journals and magazines | |
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Newspapers | |
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Government documents, pamphlets, dissertations, and letters | |
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Library database publications | |
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Online publications | |
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CD-ROM, software, and unedited online sources | |
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Visual sources | |
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Multimedia sources | |
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Informational notes | |
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Sample research paper with MLA documentation | |
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APA Documentation | |
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In-text citations in APA style | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources in the APA-style references list | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online sources | |
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Visual, computer, and multimedia sources | |
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Sample paper with APA documentation | |
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CMS Documentation | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources in CMS-style citations | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online and computer sources | |
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Multimedia sources | |
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Sample pages with CMS documentation | |
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CSE Documentation | |
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In-text citations in CSE style | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources in CSE-style references | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online sources | |
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Sample pages with CSE documentation | |
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Effective Style And Language | |
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Write with Power | |
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Pay attention to verbs | |
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Stay active | |
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Find agents | |
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Vary your sentences | |
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Give your writing personality | |
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Write Concisely | |
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Eliminate unnecessary words | |
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Reduce wordy phrases | |
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Simplify tangled sentences | |
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Write with Emphasis | |
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Manage emphasis in sentences | |
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Forge links across sentences | |
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Use parallel structure with parallel ideas | |
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Use parallel structure with lists | |
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Use parallel structure in paragraphs | |
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Find the Right Words | |
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Be aware of levels of formality | |
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Be aware of denotation and connotation | |
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Use specific language | |
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Use effective figurative language | |
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Write to Be Inclusive | |
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Be aware of stereotypes | |
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Be inclusive about gender | |
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Be inclusive about race and ethnicity | |
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Be inclusive about other differences | |
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Recognize international varieties of English | |
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Understanding Grammar | |
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Grammar Basics | |
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Sentence basics | |
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Word classes | |
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Clauses | |
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Phrases | |
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Sentence types | |
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Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices | |
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Fragments | |
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Run-on sentences | |
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Comma splices | |
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Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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Agreement in the present tense | |
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Singular and plural subjects | |
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Indefinite pronouns as subjects | |
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Collective nouns as subjects | |
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Inverted word order | |
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Amounts, numbers, and pairs | |
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Verbs | |
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Basic verb forms | |
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Irregular verbs | |
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Transitive and intransitive verbs | |
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Shifts in tense | |
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Shifts in mood | |
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Pronouns | |
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Pronoun case | |
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Pronoun agreement | |
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Problems with pronouns and gender | |
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Vague reference | |
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Modifiers | |
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Choose the correct modifier | |
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Place adjectives carefully | |
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Place adverbs carefully | |
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Revise disruptive modifiers | |
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Revise dangling modifiers | |
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Understanding Punctuation And Mechanics | |
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Commas | |
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Commas with introductory elements | |
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Commas with compound clauses | |
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Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers | |
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Commas with items in a series | |
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Commas with coordinate adjectives | |
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Commas with quotations | |
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Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses | |
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Commas to avoid confusion | |
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Unnecessary commas | |
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Semicolons and Colons | |
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Semicolons with closely related main clauses | |
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Semicolons together with commas | |
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Colons in sentences | |
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Colons with lists | |
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Hyphens | |
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Hyphens with compound modifiers | |
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Hyphens with compound nouns | |
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Hyphens that divide words at the ends of lines | |
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Hyphens for clarity | |
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Dashes and Parentheses | |
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Dashes and parentheses versus commas | |
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Dashes and parentheses to set off information | |
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Other punctuation with parentheses | |
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Other punctuation with dashes | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Possessives | |
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Contractions and omitted letters | |
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Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Direct quotations | |
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Titles of short works | |
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Other uses of quotation marks | |
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Misuses of quotation marks | |
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Other punctuation with quotation marks | |
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Other Punctuation Marks | |
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Periods | |
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Question marks | |
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Exclamation points | |
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Brackets | |
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Ellipses | |
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Slashes | |
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Write with Accurate Spelling | |
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Know the limitations of spelling checkers | |
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Distinguish homonyms | |
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Capitalization and Italics | |
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Capital letters | |
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Italics | |
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Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Acronyms | |
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Numbers | |
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If English Is Not Your First Language | |
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Write in a Second Language | |
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Understand the demands of writing in a second language | |
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Use your native language as a resource | |
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Use dictionaries | |
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Understand English idioms | |
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Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions | |
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Kinds of nouns | |
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Count and noncount nouns | |
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Singular and plural forms | |
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Articles | |
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Prepositions | |
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Verbs | |
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Types of verbs | |
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Be verbs | |
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Modal auxiliary verbs | |
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Verbs and infinitives | |
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Verbs and -ing verbals | |
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Conditional sentences | |
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Participial adjectives | |
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Phrasal verbs | |
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English Sentence Structure | |
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Subjects | |
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English word order | |
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Placement of modifiers | |
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Adjectives with prepositions | |
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Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage | |
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Index to Exercises | |
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Index | |