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Preface | |
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About the Authors | |
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Foundations | |
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Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology? | |
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Anthropology and Its Other Subfields | |
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Foundation: The Subfields of Anthropology | |
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The Scope of Biological Anthropology | |
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Paleoanthropology | |
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Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology | |
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Paleopathology and Bioarchaeology | |
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Forensic Anthropology | |
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Primatology | |
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Human Biology | |
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The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Origins of Evolutionary Thought | |
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What Is Science? | |
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The Early Thinkers | |
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The Roots of Modern Science | |
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Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life | |
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The Road to the Darwinian Revolution | |
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The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell | |
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The Darwinian Revolution | |
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The Gal�pagos | |
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Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection | |
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Darwin versus Wallace? | |
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The Science and Creationism Question | |
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What Is Intelligent Design? | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Mechanisms of Evolution | |
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Genetics: Cells and Molecules | |
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The Study of Genetics | |
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Cloning Controversies | |
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The Cell | |
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Cell Anatomy | |
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DNA Structure and Function | |
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DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level | |
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DNA Function I: Replication | |
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DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis | |
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DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division | |
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Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research | |
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Indirect and Direct Research Methods | |
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PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA | |
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Innovations: DNA Barcoding | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype | |
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From Genotype to Phenotype | |
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The ABO Blood Type System | |
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Obesity: A Complex Interaction | |
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Mendelian Genetics | |
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Mendel's Postulates | |
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Linkage and Crossing Over | |
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Mutation | |
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Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease | |
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Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases | |
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Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good | |
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X-Linked Disorders | |
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Mendelian Genetics in Humans | |
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Genetics beyond Mendel | |
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State Fair Mendelism and the Eugenics Movement | |
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Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment | |
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Innovations: A New Genetic Era | |
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Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance | |
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Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts | |
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Genes and Environments | |
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Visual Summary | |
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The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species | |
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How Evolution Works | |
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Where Does Variation Come From? | |
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How Natural Selection Works | |
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Other Evolutionary Processes | |
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Classification and Evolution | |
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Taxonomy and Speciation | |
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What Is a Species? | |
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Species Concepts | |
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What's in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Conservation | |
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms | |
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How Species Are Formed | |
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The Tempo of Speciation | |
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Adaptation | |
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Is Everything Adaptive? | |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | |
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Levels of Selection | |
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Inclusive Fitness | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability | |
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Human Variation at the Individual and Group Levels | |
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What Is a Population? | |
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Historical Perspectives on Human Variation | |
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Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations | |
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The Monogenism-Polygenism Debate | |
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Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century | |
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Changing Attitudes Toward Race in Anthropology | |
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Deconstructing Racial Features | |
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Population Genetics | |
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Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems | |
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Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms | |
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Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies | |
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Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations | |
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The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance | |
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Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions | |
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Adaptation and Adaptability | |
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Levels of Adaptability | |
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Technology and Extreme Environments | |
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Heat and Cold | |
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Body Size and Shape | |
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Living at High Altitude | |
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Skin Color | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Primates | |
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The Primates | |
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The Primate Radiation | |
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The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates | |
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What Exactly Is a Primate? | |
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Anatomical Traits | |
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Life History Traits | |
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Behavioral Traits | |
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A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates | |
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The Strepsirhines | |
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The Haplorhines | |
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The Rarest of the Rare | |
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The New World Monkeys | |
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The Old World Monkeys | |
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The Hominoids | |
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The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes? | |
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Primate Ecology | |
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Diet | |
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You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies | |
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Diet and Feeding Competition | |
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Primate Communities | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Primate Behavior | |
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Studying Primates | |
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The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior | |
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Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry | |
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Male Reproductive Strategies | |
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Female Reproductive Strategies | |
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Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social? | |
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The Paradox of Sociality | |
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Innovations: Culture in Nonhuman Primates | |
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Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies | |
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The Infanticide Wars | |
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Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus? | |
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Visual Summary | |
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The Fossil Record | |
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Geology and Primate Origins | |
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How to Become a Fossil | |
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The Importance of Context | |
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Stratigraphy | |
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The Geologic Time Scale | |
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How Old Is It? | |
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Relative Dating Techniques | |
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Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques | |
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The Piltdown Hoax | |
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Chronometric Dating Techniques | |
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Innovations: Time in a Bottle | |
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The Earth in the Cenozoic | |
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Continents and Landmasses | |
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The Environment in the Cenozoic | |
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Climate Change and Early Primate Evolution | |
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Changes in the Paleocene: The Origin of Primates | |
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Why Primates? | |
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Early Primates of the Eocene | |
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Selective Pressures Driving the Strepsirhine-Haplorhine Split | |
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Climate Change and the Origin of Monkeys and Apes | |
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The First Monkeys | |
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New World Monkeys | |
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Old World Monkeys | |
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What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids? | |
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The Earliest Apes | |
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Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes | |
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The Monkey's Tale: Primate Diversity in the Miocene | |
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Molecular Evolution in Primates | |
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A Primate Molecular Phylogeny | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Early Hominids and Australopithecus | |
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Becoming a Biped | |
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Anatomical Changes | |
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Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan | |
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Why Bipeds? | |
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The Transition to Human Behavior | |
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What Made Humans Human? | |
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Will You Know a Hominid When You See One? | |
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A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominids versus Hominins | |
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The First Hominids? | |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0-6.0 mya) | |
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Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 mya) | |
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Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) and Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8-5.2 mya) | |
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Australopithecus and Kin | |
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Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.9 mya) | |
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Australopithecus afarensis (3.9-2.9 mya) | |
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East and West African Hominids from 3.5 to 2.5 mya | |
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Australopithecus africanus (3.5-2.0 mya) | |
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The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines) | |
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Innovations: Dikika and Development | |
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Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation | |
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Cohabitation | |
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Tools and Intelligence | |
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Ancestors and Descendants | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Rise of the Genus Homo | |
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Climate and the Evolution of Homo in the Pliocene and Pleistocene | |
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Defining the Genus Homo | |
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Earliest Genus Homo | |
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Early Tool Use | |
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Hunting and Scavenging | |
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Who Was Homo erectus? | |
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Anatomical Features | |
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Innovations: What's Size Got to Do with It? | |
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Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster | |
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Homo erectus around the World | |
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African Origins | |
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The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia | |
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Dispersal into East Asia | |
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The Status of Homo erectus in Europe | |
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The Lifeways of Homo erectus | |
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Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age | |
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A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence | |
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Homo erectus Life History | |
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Homo erectus Leaves Africa | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals | |
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Hominid Evolution in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene | |
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Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens | |
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Archaic Homo sapiens | |
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European Archaic Homo sapiens | |
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African Archaic Homo sapiens | |
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Asian Archaic Homo sapiens | |
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Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens | |
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Stone Tools | |
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Tools from Organic Materials | |
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Big-Game Hunting | |
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Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites | |
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The Neandertals | |
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Geographic and Temporal Distribution | |
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History of Neandertal Discovery | |
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Neandertal Image Makeovers | |
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Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold | |
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Growing up Neandertal | |
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Health and Disease | |
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Innovations: Neandertal Genes | |
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Neandertal Behavior | |
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Material Culture | |
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Coping with Cold | |
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Hunting, Subsistence, and Cannibalism | |
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Burials | |
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Ritual and Symbolic Behavior | |
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Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview | |
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Visual Summary | |
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The Origin, Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens | |
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The Emergence of Modern Humans | |
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Models of Modern Human Origins | |
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Replacement and Multiregional Models | |
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Predictions of the Two Models | |
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Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans | |
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Africa | |
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Near East | |
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Europe | |
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Asia and Southeast Asia | |
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Australia | |
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Archaeology of Modern Human Origins | |
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The Little People of Flores | |
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Stone and Other Tools | |
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Subsistence | |
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Symbolism, Burial, and Art | |
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Molecular Genetics and Human Origins | |
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Mitochondrial DNA | |
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The Y Chromosome | |
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MRCAs for Nuclear Genes | |
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Ancient DNA | |
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Interpreting Models of Human Origins | |
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Paleontology and Archaeology | |
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Molecular Genetics | |
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Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans | |
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Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands | |
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Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism | |
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Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans | |
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Evolution of Brain and Behavior | |
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Overview of the Brain | |
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Issues in Hominid Brain Evolution | |
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Humans Have "Large" Brains | |
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Brain Size and the Fossil Record | |
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Brain Reorganization | |
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The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy | |
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Language: Biology and Evolution | |
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Language in the Brain | |
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Language in the Throat | |
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Language Ability and the Fossil Record | |
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Innovations: Music, the Brain, and Evolution | |
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Scenarios of Language Evolution | |
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The Evolution of Human Behavior | |
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The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches | |
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Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective | |
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Wealth, Reproductive Success, and Survival | |
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Physiology and Ecology | |
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Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor | |
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Sexual Selection and Human Behavior | |
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Risk-Taking Behavior | |
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Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology | |
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Biomedical Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective | |
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Birth, Growth, and Aging | |
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Human Childbirth | |
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Patterns of Human Growth | |
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Stages of Human Growth | |
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The Secular Trend in Growth | |
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Menarche and Menopause | |
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Aging | |
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Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution | |
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Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease | |
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Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race | |
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Diet and Disease | |
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The Paleolithic Diet | |
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Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency | |
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Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes | |
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Forensic Anthropology, Life, Death, and the Skeleton | |
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Field Recovery and Laboratory Processing | |
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The Biological Profile | |
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Age at Death | |
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Sex | |
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Ancestry | |
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Height and Weight | |
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Innovations: Ancestry Genetics | |
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Premortem Injury and Disease | |
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Perimortem and Postmortem Trauma | |
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Identification and Forensic Anthropology | |
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Time Since Death | |
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Antemortem Records, Facial Reconstruction, and Positive IDs | |
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Applications of Forensic Anthropology | |
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Mass Fatalities | |
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War Dead | |
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War Crimes and Genocide | |
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Epilogue | |
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Visual Summary | |
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Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy | |
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The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | |
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Metric-Imperial Conversions | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |