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| Guide to Readings | |
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| Preface | |
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| Thinking and Writing-A Critical Connection | |
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| Thinking Made Visible | |
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| Critical Thinking | |
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| An Open Mind-Examining Your World View | |
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| Critical Thinking as Self-Defense-Media Literacy | |
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| Writing as a Process | |
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| Invention Strategies-Generating Ideas | |
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| The First Draft | |
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| The Time to Be Critical | |
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| Audience and Purpose | |
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| Writing Assignment 1 Considering Your Audience and Purpose | |
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| E-Mail and Text Messaging | |
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| Reason, Intuition, Imagination, and Metaphor | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Inference-Critical Thought | |
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| What Is an Inference? | |
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| How Reliable is an Inference? | |
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| What Is a Fact? | |
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| Facts and Journalism | |
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| What Is a Judgment? | |
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| Achieving a Balance Between Inference and Facts | |
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| Facts only | |
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| Inferences Only | |
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| Reading Critically | |
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| Writing Assignment 2 Reconstructing the Lost Tribe | |
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| Making Inferences-Analyzing Images | |
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| Examining An Ad | |
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| Making Inferences-Writing About Fiction | |
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| Writing Assignment 3 Interpreting Fiction | |
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| Writing Assignment 4 Analyzing Fiction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Structure of Argument | |
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| Premises and Conclusions | |
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| Distinguishing Between Premises and Conclusions | |
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| Standard Form | |
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| Writing Assignment 5 Creating a Political Handout | |
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| Ambiguous Argument Structure | |
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| Hidden Assumptions in Argument | |
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| Dangers of Hidden Assumptions | |
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| Hidden Assumptions and Standard Form | |
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| Hidden Assumptions and Audience Awareness | |
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| Summaries | |
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| Strategies for Writing A Summary | |
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| An Example of a Summary | |
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| Writing Assignment 6 Summarizing an Article | |
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| Argument and Explanation-Distinctions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Written Argument | |
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| Focusing Your Topic | |
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| The Issue | |
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| The Question at Issue | |
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| The Thesis | |
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| Two Kinds of Thesis Statements | |
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| Shaping a Written Argument-Rhetorical Strategies | |
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| The Introduction | |
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| The Development of Your Argument | |
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| How Many Premises Should an Argument Have? | |
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| The Conclusion | |
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| A Dialectical Approach to Argument | |
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| Addressing Counterarguments | |
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| How Much Counterargument? | |
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| Refutation and Concession | |
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| Rogerian Strategy | |
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| When There is No Other Side | |
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| Logical Connections-Coherence | |
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| Joining Words | |
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| More on Coherence | |
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| Sample Essays | |
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| A Two-Step Process for Writing a Complete Argument | |
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| Writing Assignment 7 Arguing Both Sides of an Issue | |
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| Writing Assignment 8 Taking a Stand | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Language of Argument-Definition | |
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| Definition and Perception | |
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| Who Controls the Definitions? | |
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| Defining Ourselves | |
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| Shifting Definitions | |
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| Definition: The Social Sciences and Government | |
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| Language: An Abstract System of Symbols | |
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| The Importance of Concrete Examples | |
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| Abstractions and Evasion | |
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| Euphemism and Connotation | |
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| Definition in Written Argument | |
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| Appositives-A Strategy for Defining Terms Within the Sentence | |
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| Appositives and Argument | |
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| Punctuation of Appositives | |
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| Extended Definition | |
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| Writing Assignment 9 Determining Your State's Position on Gay Marriage | |
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| Writing Assignment 10 Composing an Argument Based on a Definition | |
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| Inventing a New Word to Fill a Need | |
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| Writing Assignment 11 Creating a New Word | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Fallacious Arguments | |
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| What Is a Fallacious Argument? | |
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| Appeal to Authority | |
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| Appeal to Fear | |
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| Appeal to Pity | |
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| Begging the Question | |
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| Double Standard | |
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| Equivocation | |
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| False Analogy | |
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| False Cause | |
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| False Dilemma | |
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| Hasty Generalization | |
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| Personal Attack | |
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| Poisoning the Well | |
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| Red Herring | |
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| Slippery Slope | |
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| Straw Man | |
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| Writing Assignment 12 Analyzing an Extended Argument | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Deductive and Inductive Argument | |
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| Key Distinctions | |
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| Necessity Versus Probability | |
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| From General to Specific, Specific To General | |
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| The Relationship Between Induction and Deduction | |
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| Deductive Reasoning | |
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| Class Logic | |
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| Relationships Between Classes | |
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| Inclusion | |
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| Exclusion | |
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| Overlap | |
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| Class Logic and the Syllogism | |
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| The Subject and the Predicate | |
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| Truth, Validity, and Soundness | |
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| Guilt By Association | |
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| More on Syllogisms | |
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| Hypothetical Arguments | |
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| The Valid Hypothetical Argument | |
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| The Invalid Hypothetical Argument | |
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| Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | |
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| Hypothetical Chains | |
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| Hypothetical Claims and Everyday Reasoning | |
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| Inductive Reasoning | |
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| Generalization | |
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| The Direction of Inductive Reasoning | |
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| Testing Inductive Generalizations | |
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| Criteria for Evaluating Statistical Generalizations | |
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| Hasty Generalizations | |
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| Thinking Critically About Surveys and Statistics | |
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| Mistaking Correlation for Causation | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| Considering the Source | |
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| Writing Assignment 13 Questioning Generalizations | |
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| Writing Assignment 14 Conducting a Survey: A Collaborative Project | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| The Language of Argument-Style | |
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| Parallelism | |
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| The Structure of Parallelism | |
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| Logic of the Parallel Series | |
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| Emphasizing Ideas with Parallelism | |
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| Sharpening Sentences, Eliminating Wordiness | |
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| Concrete Subjects | |
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| Active and Passive Verbs | |
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| Passive Verbs and Evasion | |
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| When the Passive is Appropriate | |
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| Consistent Sentence Subjects | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| A Quick Guide to Integrating Research into your Own Writing | |
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| Where to Begin | |
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| Three Options for Including Research | |
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| Blend Quotations and Paraphrases Into Your Own Writing | |
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| Make the Purpose Clear | |
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| Punctuation and Format of Quotations | |
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| Omitting Words from a Direct Quotation-Ellipsis | |
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| Plagiarism | |
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| Additional Readings | |
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| "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" Nicholas Carr | |
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| "Blinded by Science," Chris Mooney | |
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| "When Human Rights Extend to Nonhumans," Donald G. McNeil Jr. | |
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| Text Credits | |
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| Index | |