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| Sentences and Grammar (Sections 101-130) | |
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| Sentences | |
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| Parts | |
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| subject | |
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| verb (predicate) | |
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| Sentence pattern | |
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| Classifying | |
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| by purpose | |
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| by structure (clauses)--simple, compound, complex, compound-complex | |
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| Parts of Speech: Survey | |
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| nouns | |
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| pronouns | |
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| Verbs | |
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| adjectives | |
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| adverbs | |
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| conjunctions | |
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| prepositions | |
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| interjections | |
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| A word as different parts of speech | |
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| A word group as a part of speech | |
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| Using Nouns | |
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| Kinds | |
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| singular, plural | |
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| common, proper | |
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| concrete, abstract | |
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| collective | |
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| count, noncount | |
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| Uses | |
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| subject | |
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| complement (direct, indirect object; subjective, objective complement) | |
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| object of preposition | |
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| appositive | |
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| direct address | |
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| Using Verbs | |
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| Identifying | |
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| Kinds | |
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| transitive | |
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| intransitive | |
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| linking | |
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| auxiliary | |
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| Principal parts | |
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| present, past, past participle | |
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| troublesome verbs | |
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| Tenses, forms | |
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| present | |
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| past | |
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| future | |
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| present perfect | |
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| past perfect | |
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| future perfect | |
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| conditional | |
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| Verbs vs. Verbals | |
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| infinitives | |
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| participles | |
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| gerunds | |
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| Verb errors | |
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| perfect and passive forms | |
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| tense shift | |
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| overused passive voice | |
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| mood shifts | |
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| confusion of similar verbs (see also 404) | |
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| Using Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Correct use | |
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| adverbs with action verbs; modifying adjectives, adverbs | |
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| adjectives after linking verbs | |
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| good vs. well, bad vs.badly | |
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| comparative, superlative; double comparative, superlative; illogical comparisons | |
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| Articles, determiners [ESL] | |
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| a vs.an | |
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| articles before nouns | |
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| limiting adjectives (determiners) | |
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| order of adjectives | |
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| Using Pronouns | |
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| Kinds | |
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| personal (including gender problem) | |
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| interrogative, relative | |
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| demonstrative | |
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| indefinite | |
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| reflexive, intensive | |
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| Case | |
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| subjective (nominative) | |
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| objective;C-subjective-objective problems | |
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| who, whom (interrogative) | |
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| who, whom (relative) | |
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| possessive | |
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| Faulty reference | |
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| ambiguous | |
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| vague | |
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| Phrases, Clauses | |
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| Phrases | |
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| prepositional | |
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| verbal (infinitive, participial, absolute, gerund) | |
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| Clauses | |
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| kinds (independent, dependent) | |
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| dependent kinds (adjective, adverb, noun) | |
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| in sentences (simple, compound, complex) | |
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| Agreement | |
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| Subject-verb | |
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| person | |
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| number | |
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| intervening words | |
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| compound subjects | |
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| subjects with not | |
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| indefinite pronouns | |
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| collective nouns | |
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| linking verbs | |
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| singulars in plural form | |
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| there and it | |
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| titles, words as words | |
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| money and measures | |
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| relative pronouns | |
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| Pronoun-antecedent | |
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| shifts to you | |
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| singular pronouns | |
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| and, or, nor | |
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| collective nouns | |
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| demonstratives as adjectives | |
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| one of the | |
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| Effective Sentences | |
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| Creating sentences | |
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| varying | |
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| coordinating | |
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| compounding | |
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| subordinating (adjective, adverb, noun clauses) | |
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| reduction | |
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| parallel structure | |
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| positioning main idea | |
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| "Big three" errors | |
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| fragments | |
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| comma splices, fused sentences | |
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| Gaining clarity | |
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| needless separation | |
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| misplaced or dangling modifiers (participles, gerunds, clauses, etc.) | |
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| incomplete or illogical comparisons | |
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| illogical shifts | |
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| mixed or confused construction (is when, is where, others) | |
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| Punctuation (Sections 201-227) | |
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| Comma [,] | |
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| Comma (to set off) | |
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| independent (main) clause | |
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| introductory clause, phrase | |
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| items in series | |
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| coordinate adjectives | |
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| parenthetical expressions | |
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| nonessential (nonrestrictive) clauses, phrases, appositives | |
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| absolute phrases | |
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| direct address | |
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| yes, no | |
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| mild interjections | |
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| direct quotations | |
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| such as, etc., contrasts | |
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| Comma | |
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| clarity | |
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| omitted, understood word | |
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| tag question | |
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| friendly letter | |
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| dates, addresses | |
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| No comma | |
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| between subject-verb, verb-object | |
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| between independent clauses | |
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| if not needed | |
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| Period [.] | |
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| Period | |
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| end of sentence | |
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| abbreviation, initial | |
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| outline | |
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| ellipsis, hesitation | |
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| nonsentence | |
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| No period after title | |
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| Question Mark [?] | |
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| Question mark | |
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| direct question | |
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| uncertainty | |
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| No question mark | |
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| indirect question | |
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| polite request | |
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| humor, irony | |
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| Exclamation Point [!] | |
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| Exclamation point: w. strong interjection | |
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| No exclamation point | |
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| mild interjection | |
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| beyond one | |
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| Semicolon [;] | |
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| joining clauses | |
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| conjunctive adverb | |
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| clauses, series with commas | |
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| Apostrophe ['] | |
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| Apostrophe with possessive nouns | |
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| singular | |
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| plural | |
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| before gerund | |
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| fine points | |
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| apostrophes and clarity | |
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| Apostrophe | |
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| contractions, omissions | |
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| letters, symbols | |
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| No apostrophe | |
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| personal pronouns | |
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| plurals, verbs | |
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| inanimate objects | |
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| Italics (Underlining) | |
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| titles of long works | |
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| ships, etc. | |
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| art works | |
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| foreign words | |
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| words, etc. as such | |
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| emphasis | |
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| Quotation Marks [" "] | |
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| Double quotation marks | |
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| speaker's words | |
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| interrupted quotation | |
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| uninterrupted quotation | |
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| paragraphs | |
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| fragmentary quotation | |
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| omission (ellipsis) | |
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| insertion in quotation | |
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| dialogue | |
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| poetry | |
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| Double quotation marks | |
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| titles of short works | |
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| definitions | |
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| words in special sense | |
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| Single quotation marks: quotation inside quotation | |
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| Quotation marks with other marks | |
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| periods, commas | |
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| colons, semicolons | |
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| others | |
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| No quotation marks | |
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| title of paper | |
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| irony, etc. | |
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| Colon [:] | |
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| Colon (to introduce) | |
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| list | |
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| long quotation | |
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| formal quotation, question | |
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| independent clause | |
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| business letter | |
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| announcement | |
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| resolution | |
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| play dialogue | |
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| Colon (to separate) | |
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| title parts, etc.; bibliography parts | |
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| Dash [--] | |
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| break in thought | |
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| parenthetical element | |
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| appositive | |
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| quotation | |
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| Parentheses[( )] | |
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| Parentheses | |
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| incidental information | |
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| enclosing | |
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| accuracy | |
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| with other marks | |
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| No parentheses | |
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| deletions | |
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| editorial remarks | |
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| Brackets [[ ]]: A: editorial remarks | |
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| sic | |
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| stage directions | |
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| within parentheses | |
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| Hyphen[-] | |
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| compound words | |
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| compound adjective | |
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| numbers | |
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| clarification | |
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| ex-, self-, etc. | |
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| hesitation, etc. | |
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| word division | |
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| Slash (virgule) [/] | |
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| poetry | |
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| alternatives | |
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| per | |
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| fractions | |
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| Mechanics, With Spelling (Sections 301-314) | |
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| Capitalization | |
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| Capital | |
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| sentence beginning | |
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| poetry | |
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| nonsentence | |
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| after colon | |
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| outline | |
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| title | |
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| letter greeting, close | |
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| I, O | |
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| Proper noun capital | |
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| person, group, etc. | |
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| place | |
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| organization, brand | |
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| day, month, etc. | |
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| sacred name | |
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| historical event, etc. | |
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| school, etc. | |
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| flag, award | |
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| planet, etc. | |
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| ship, etc. | |
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| initial, etc. | |
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| personification | |
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| title | |
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| No capital | |
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| compass points | |
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| seasons | |
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| family | |
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| school subject | |
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| common noun | |
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| words from proper nouns | |
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| after semicolon | |
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| interrupted quotation | |
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| fragmentary quotation | |
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| compound word | |
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| emphasis | |
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| book part | |
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| Word division (syllabication) | |
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| by pronunciation | |
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| compound word | |
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| one-syllable word | |
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| single letter | |
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| Numbers | |
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| In words | |
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| one or two words | |
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| compound adjective | |
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| fraction | |
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| beginning sentence | |
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| In figures | |
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| three or more words | |
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| special uses | |
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| groups in same passage | |
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| Money | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Abbreviation | |
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| title before name | |
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| title after name | |
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| with numeral | |
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| Latin phrase | |
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| organization | |
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| No abbreviation | |
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| state, day, etc. | |
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| name | |
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| street, company, etc. | |
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| and | |
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| school subject | |
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| book part | |
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| Spelling | |
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| Improvement techniques | |
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| visualizing | |
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| practicing | |
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| similar words | |
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| related words | |
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| memory devices | |
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| Basic rules | |
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| ie-ei | |
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| final e | |
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| final y | |
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| doubling | |
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| letting alone | |
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| Plurals | |
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| extra syllable (-es) | |
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| y ending (-es) | |
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| f, fe ending (-es) | |
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| o ending (-es) | |
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| is ending (-es) | |
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| compound word | |
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| foreign plural | |
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| letter, symbol | |
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| Nonstandard, alternative spelling | |
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| nonstandard | |
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| preferred | |
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| One hundred problem words | |
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| Word Choice (Sections 401-405) | |
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| Conciseness, clarity, originality | |
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| conciseness | |
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| specificity | |
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| connotation | |
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| originality | |
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| Standard, appropriate English | |
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| formal vs. informal | |
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| limited use words | |
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| expressions to avoid | |
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| Nondiscriminatory terms | |
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| nonsexist | |
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| other | |
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| Similar words often confused | |
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| Paragraphs and Papers (Sections 501-510) | |
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| Manuscript Form | |
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| paper, typeface | |
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| spacing | |
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| title, paging | |
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| Justifying, word dividing | |
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| corrections | |
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| Paragraphs | |
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| Form, length [ESL] | |
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| Content | |
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| topic sentence | |
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| development | |
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| coherence (incl. transitions) | |
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| unity, emphasis | |
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| Netiquette Guidelines | |
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| Essays | |
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| Before writing | |
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| topic | |
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| plan (prewriting, etc.) | |
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| thesis | |
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| approach | |
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| outline | |
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| Writing, revising | |
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| first draft | |
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| revising, editing, proofreading | |
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| sample student essay | |
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| Research Papers | |
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| Planning, researching | |
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| topic | |
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| thesis (see 505C) | |
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| locating sources (print, electronic, field) | |
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| working bibliography | |
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| evaluating sources (objectivity, etc.) | |
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| note taking (paraphrase, etc.) | |
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| pulling it all together | |
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| Citing sources | |
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| within paper (MLA, APA) | |
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| plagiarism [ESL] | |
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| Works cited/references list | |
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| MLA | |
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| APA | |
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| Setting up pages | |
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| text (MLA, APA) | |
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| works cited/references list (MLA, APA) | |
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| Index (by section number) | |
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| Correction Chart | |