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Preface | |
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An Overview of Reading Instruction for Struggling Readers | |
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Reading Instructionndash;Past Perspectives | |
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Reading Instructionndash;Present Perspectives | |
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Principles of Effective Intervention Programs | |
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Current Issues | |
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Summary | |
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References and Recommended Readings | |
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Patterns of Reading Difficulty | |
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General Patterns | |
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Defining a Studentrsquo;s Reading Level | |
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Reading Level: An Indicator of Problem Severity | |
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Reading Level: An Indicator of Word Identification Proficiency | |
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Reading Level: An Indicator of Comprehension Proficiency | |
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Designing the Intervention Focus | |
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Summary | |
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References and Recommended Readings | |
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The Structure of Intervention Sessions | |
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The Importance of Consistent Structure | |
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Individual Tutoring Structures at the Elementary Level | |
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Individual Tutoring Structures at the Middle Level | |
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Group Tutoring Structures at the Elementary Level | |
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Group Tutoring Structures at the Middle Level | |
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Group Tutoring Structures at the High School Level | |
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Classroom Intervention Structures | |
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Schoolwide Intervention | |
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Designing Your Own Structure | |
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Application to English Language Learners | |
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Application to Adolescent Learners | |
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Response to Intervention | |
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Summary | |
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References and Recommended Readings | |
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Phonological Awareness | |
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What Is Phonological Awareness and Why Is It Important? | |
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The Importance of Rhyme | |
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The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Rhyme Knowledge | |
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Phonological Awareness Instruction | |
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The Importance of Phonemic Awareness | |
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Developing Phonemic Awareness Aurally | |
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Application to English Language Learners | |
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Application to Adolescent Learners | |
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Response to Intervention | |
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Summary | |
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References and Recommended Readings | |
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Word Identification Instruction: Phonics and More | |
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What is Systematic Phonics Instruction? | |
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The Informal Reading Inventory as an Indicator of Problems with Word Identification | |
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Guidelines for Exemplary Phonics Instruction | |
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Teaching Consonant Sounds Using Shared Reading | |
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Teaching Vowel Sounds: Using Spelling Patterns to Read by Analogy | |
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The Importance of Cross-Checking | |
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How to Learn Words That Are Difficult to Decode | |
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Putting It All Together: Guided Reading | |
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Teacher Prompting During Oral Reading | |
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Application to English Language Learners | |
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