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| Preface | |
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| To the Reader | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Ideology and Democracy | |
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| Ideology and Ideologies | |
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| A Working Definition of "Ideology" | |
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| Human Nature and Freedom | |
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| Human Nature | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Ideology and Revolution | |
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| Nationalism and Anarchism | |
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| Nationalism | |
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| Anarchism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Democratic Ideal | |
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| The Origins of Democracy | |
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| Democracy and Republic | |
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| The Republic and Mixed Government | |
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| Christianity and Democracy | |
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| Renaissance and Republicanism | |
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| The Atlantic Republican Tradition | |
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| The Return of Democracy | |
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| Seventeenth-Century Democrats | |
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| The United States as Democratic Republic | |
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| Tocqueville on Democracy | |
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| The Growth of Democracy | |
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| Democracy as an Ideal | |
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| Three Conceptions of Democracy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Development of Political Ideologies | |
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| Liberalism | |
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| Liberalism, Human Nature, and Freedom | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Medieval Origins | |
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| The Protestant Reformation | |
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| Liberalism and Revolution | |
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| England | |
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| The American Revolution | |
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| The French Revolution | |
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| Liberalism and Capitalism | |
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| Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Liberalism Divided | |
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| Neoclassical Liberalism | |
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| Welfare Liberalism | |
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| Liberalism in the Twentieth Century | |
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| Historical Developments | |
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| Philosophical Considerations | |
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| The Libertarian Vision | |
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| Liberalism Today: Divisions and Differences | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Liberalism as an Ideology | |
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| Liberalism and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Coda: The Limits of Liberal Toleration | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Conservatism | |
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| The Politics of Imperfection | |
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| The Conservatism of Edmund Burke | |
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| Human Nature and Society | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Revolution and Reform | |
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| Burke on Government | |
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| Burke's Legacy | |
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| Conservatism in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Conservatism and Reaction | |
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| Tory Democracy | |
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| Conservatism in the United States | |
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| Conservatism in the Twentieth Century | |
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| Conservatism Versus Mass Society | |
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| Leveling | |
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| Conservatives and Communism | |
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| Conservatism Today: A House Divided | |
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| Traditional Conservatism | |
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| Individualist Conservatism | |
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| Neoconservatism | |
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| The Religious Right | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Conservatism as an Ideology | |
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| Conservatism and Democracy | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Socialism and Communism: More to Marx | |
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| Human Nature and Freedom | |
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| Socialism: The Precursors | |
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| Saint-Simon | |
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| Fourier | |
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| Owen | |
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| The Socialism of Karl Marx | |
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| The Young Marx | |
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| The Influence of Hegel | |
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| Marx's Theory of History | |
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| Marx's Critique of Capitalism | |
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| The Dialectic of Change | |
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| The Revolutionary Sequence | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Socialism and Communism After Marx | |
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| Marxism After Marx | |
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| Engels's Marxism | |
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| The Revisionists | |
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| Soviet Marxism-Leninism | |
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| Chinese Communism | |
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| Non-Marxist Socialism | |
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| Anarcho-Communism | |
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| Fabian Socialism | |
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| American Socialism | |
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| Socialism Today | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Socialism as an Ideology | |
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| Socialism and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Fascism | |
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| Fascism: The Background | |
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| The Counter-Enlightenment | |
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| Nationalism | |
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| Elitism | |
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| Irrationalism | |
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| Fascism in Italy | |
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| Mussolini and Italian Fascism | |
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| Fascism in Theory and Practice | |
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| Fascism in Germany: Nazism | |
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| Hitler and Nazism | |
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| Nazism in Theory and Practice | |
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| Fascism Elsewhere | |
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| Fascism Today | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Fascism as an Ideology | |
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| Fascism and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Political Ideologies Today and Tomorrow | |
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| Liberation Ideologies and the Politics of Identity | |
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| Liberation Ideologies: Common Characteristics | |
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| Black Liberation | |
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| Women's Liberation (Feminism) | |
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| Gay Liberation | |
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| Native People's Liberation (Indigenism) | |
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| Liberation Theology | |
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| Animal Liberation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Liberty, Identity, and Ideology | |
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| Liberation, Identity, and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| "Green" Politics: Ecology as Ideology | |
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| The Green Critique of Other Ideologies | |
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| Toward an Ecological Ethic | |
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| Unresolved Differences | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ecology as Ideology | |
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| Ecology, Freedom, and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Radical Islamism | |
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| Islam: A Short History | |
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| Radical Islamism | |
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| Human Nature and Freedom | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Radical Islamism as an Ideology | |
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| Radical Islamism and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: The Future of Ideology | |
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| Political Ideologies: Continuing Forces | |
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| Nationalism and Ideology | |
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| Religion and Ideology | |
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| Ideology and Public Policy | |
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| Ideology, the Environment, and Globalization | |
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| Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal | |
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| The End of Ideology? | |
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| Notes | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |