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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Context | |
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| The Constitutional Framework | |
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| Congressional Districts | |
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| Partisan Gerrymandering | |
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| Redistricting Between Censuses | |
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| Racial Gerrymandering | |
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| The Republican Advantage in House Districts | |
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| States as Electoral Units | |
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| Election Laws | |
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| Political Parties | |
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| Social and Political Contexts | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| Congressional Candidates | |
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| The Incumbency Factor | |
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| Measuring the Value of Incumbency | |
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| The Vanishing Marginals | |
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| Sources of the Incumbency Advantage | |
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| The Institutional Characteristics of Congress | |
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| Changes in Voting Behavior | |
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| Constituency Service | |
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| The Variability of the Incumbency Advantage | |
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| Discouraging the Opposition | |
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| Money in Congressional Elections | |
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| The Connection between Money and Success | |
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| Why Campaign Money Is More Important to Challengers than to Incumbents | |
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| The Career in the District | |
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| Motivating Challengers | |
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| Notes | |
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| Congressional Campaigns | |
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| Campaign Money | |
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| Contributions to Candidates | |
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| PACs | |
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| Party Money | |
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| Contributions from Other Members of Congress | |
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| Self-Financing by Candidates | |
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| Fundraising Tactics | |
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| Independent, "Voter Education," and "Issue Advocacy" Campaigns | |
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| Campaign Organizations | |
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| Campaign Strategies | |
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| Campaign Media | |
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| Personal Campaigning | |
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| Campaign Messages | |
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| Challengers' Campaigns | |
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| Going Negative | |
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| Incumbents' Campaigns | |
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| Candidates for Open Seats | |
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| Senate Campaigns | |
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| Manipulating Turnout | |
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| Concluding Observations | |
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| Notes | |
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| Congressional Voters | |
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| Turnout in Congressional Elections | |
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| Who Votes? | |
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| Partisanship in Congressional Elections | |
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| Alternative Interpretations of Party Identification | |
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| Partisanship and Voting | |
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| Information and Voting | |
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| Recall and Recognition of Candidates | |
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| Contacting Voters | |
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| The Effects of Campaign Spending | |
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| Models of Voting Behavior | |
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| Evaluating Incumbents | |
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| Winning Challengers | |
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| Issues in Congressional Elections | |
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| Notes | |
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| National Politics and Congressional Elections | |
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| Political Interpretations of Congressional Elections | |
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| Models of Aggregate Congressional Election Results | |
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| Presidential Coattails | |
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| National Conditions and Strategic Politics | |
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| Campaign Themes | |
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| House Elections, 1992-2006 | |
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| 1992 | |
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| 1994 | |
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| The Clinton Problem | |
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| Nationalizing the Vote | |
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| 1996 | |
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| The Campaigns | |
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| 1998 | |
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| The Scandal and the Campaigns | |
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| 2000 | |
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| 2002 | |
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| The Economy | |
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| Exposure and Redistricting | |
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| 2004 | |
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| 2006 | |
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| Strategic Politicians in 2006 | |
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| Conclusion: House Election Patterns, 1980-2006 | |
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| Senate Elections, 1980-2006 | |
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| 2002-2006 | |
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| Maintaining the Balance | |
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| Notes | |
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| Elections, Representation, and the Politics of Congress | |
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| Representation | |
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| Policy Congruence | |
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| Interests and Causes | |
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| Representation by Referendum | |
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| Descriptive Representation | |
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| Policy Consequences | |
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| Particularism | |
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| Serving the Organized | |
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| Responsiveness without Responsibility | |
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| The Congressional Parties: Decline and Revival | |
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| The Revival of Party Cohesion, 1980-2006 | |
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| Ideological Polarization in Congress and the Electorate | |
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| Polarization in Presidential Support | |
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| Party Polarization: The Electoral Connection | |
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| Diverging Electoral Constituencies | |
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| Chicken or Egg? | |
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| Party Polarization and the Politics of Impeachment | |
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| Representing Polarized Opinions on the Iraq War after 2006 | |
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| Reforming Congress | |
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| Term Limits | |
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| The Public's Evaluations of Congress | |
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| 2008 and Beyond: A Matter of Geography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |