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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Educational Research | |
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| Contributions of Research to Knowledge about Education | |
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| Application of Research to Educational Practice | |
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| Epistemological Issues in Educational Research | |
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| Quantitative and Qualitative Research | |
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| A Definition of Research | |
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| Learning How to Do Educational Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Planning a Research Study | |
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| The Research Process: From Proposal to Final Report | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Identifying a Research Problem | |
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| Preparing a Research Proposal | |
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| Conducting a Pilot Study | |
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| Using the Proposal in Writing the Dissertation | |
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| Preparing a Journal Article | |
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| Preparing a Paper for a Professional Meeting | |
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| Recommendations for Planning and Reporting Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Ethics and Site Relations in Educational Research | |
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| The Importance of Ethics and Site Relations in Educational Research | |
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| Typical Aspects of Educational Research That May Raise Ethical Concerns | |
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| Formal Regulation of Research Ethics | |
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| Institutional Review Boards' Role in Ensuring Research Ethics | |
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| Site Relations in Educational Research | |
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| Recommendations for Ensuring That a Research Study Is Ethical, Legal, and Harmonious | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Reviewing the Literature | |
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| Purposes of a Literature Review | |
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| Major Steps in a Literature Review | |
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| Searching Preliminary Sources | |
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| Using Secondary Sources | |
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| Reading Primary Sources | |
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| Synthesizing the Findings of Your Literature Review | |
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| Recommendations for Reviewing Research Literature | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Statistical Techniques | |
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| The Use of Statistics in Educational Research | |
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| Types of Scores | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Inferential Statistics | |
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| Supplements to Significance Tests | |
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| Psychometric Statistics | |
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| Problems in Statistical Analysis | |
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| Processing Statistical Data | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Statistical Analyses | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Selecting a Sample | |
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| Sampling Logic in Research | |
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| Sampling in Quantitative Research | |
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| Sampling in Qualitative Research | |
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| Volunteers in Research Samples | |
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| Recommendations for Selecting a Research Sample | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Collecting Research Data with Tests and Self-Report Measures | |
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| Use of Tests and Self-Report Measures in Educational Research | |
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| Characteristics of a Good Test in Research | |
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| Approaches to Measurement | |
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| Types of Tests and Self-Report Measures | |
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| Using Tests or Self-Report Measures in a Research Project | |
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| Recommendations for Using Tests and Self-Report Measures in Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Collecting Research Data with Questionnaires and Interviews | |
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| Questionnaires and Interviews as Data-Collection Methods | |
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| Steps in Constructing and Administering a Research Questionnaire | |
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| Steps in Preparing and Conducting Research Interviews | |
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| Recommendations for Using a Questionnaire or an Interview Guide to Collect Research Data | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Collecting Research Data through Observation and Content Analysis | |
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| Forms of Observation and Content Analysis | |
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| Reactive Observation in Quantitative Research | |
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| Reactive Observation in Qualitative Research | |
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| Nonreactive Observation in Quantitative Research | |
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| Nonreactive Observation in Qualitative Research | |
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| Content Analysis of Documents and Other Communication Media | |
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| Recommendations for Using Observational and Content-Analysis Methods | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Quantitative Research Design | |
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| Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Causal-Comparative Designs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Descriptive Research Designs | |
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| Causal-Comparative Research Designs | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Descriptive and Causal-Comparative Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Nonexperimental Research: Correlational Designs | |
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| The Nature of Correlation | |
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| Planning a Causal Relationship Study | |
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| Planning a Prediction Study | |
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| Bivariate Correlational Statistics | |
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| Multivariate Correlational Statistics | |
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| Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Correlational Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Experimental Research: Designs, Part 1 | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Internal Validity of Experiments | |
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| External Validity of Experiments | |
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| Issues in Designing Experiments | |
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| Single-Group Designs | |
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| Control-Group Designs with Random Assignment | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Experiments | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Experimental Research: Designs, Part 2 | |
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| Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Other Experimental Designs | |
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| Measurement of Change | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Experiments | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Approaches to Qualitative Research | |
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| Case Study Research | |
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| Importance of Case Study in Qualitative Research | |
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| Designing a Case Study | |
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| Collecting Case Study Data | |
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| Analyzing Case Study Data | |
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| Ensuring the Quality and Rigor of Qualitative Research | |
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| Determining the Applicability of Case Study Findings | |
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| Reporting a Case Study | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Research | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Case Studies | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Qualitative Research Traditions | |
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| Qualitative Research Traditions in Educational Research | |
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| Traditions Involving Investigation of Lived Experience | |
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| Traditions Involving Investigation of Society and Culture | |
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| Traditions Involving Investigation of Language and Communication | |
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| Recommendations for Designing a Study Based on a Qualitative Research Tradition | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Historical Research | |
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| Importance of Historical Research in Education | |
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| Historiography and the Stages of Historical Research | |
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| Defining a Problem for Historical Research | |
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| Studying Historical Sources | |
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| Recording Information from Historical Sources | |
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| Evaluation of Historical Sources | |
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| Interpretation in Historical Research | |
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| Writing a Historical Research Report | |
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| Examples of Historical Research in Education | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Historical Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Applications of Research | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| The Role of Evaluation in Education | |
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| Steps in Program Evaluation | |
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| Criteria for Effective Evaluation Research | |
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| Quantitative Approaches to Evaluation | |
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| Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation | |
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| Educational Research and Development | |
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| Recommendations for Doing an Evaluation Research Study or an R&D Evaluation | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Action Research | |
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| Characteristics of Action Research | |
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| Cyclical Nature of Action Research | |
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| Stages of Action Research | |
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| Credibility and Trustworthiness of Action Research | |
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| Reducing Discrepancies between Practitioners' Espoused Theories and Theories-in-Action | |
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| Ethical Issues in Action Research | |
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| Recommendations for Doing Action Research | |
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| Self-Check Test | |
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| Self-Check Test Answers | |
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| Questions for Evaluating Quantitative Research Reports | |
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| Questions for Evaluating Qualitative Research Reports | |
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| Preliminary and Secondary Sources: Tests and Self-Report Measures | |
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| Preliminary and Secondary Sources on the History of Education | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |