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Preface | |
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Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics | |
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The Nature of Social Research | |
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Why Test Hypotheses? | |
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The Stages of Social Research | |
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Using Series of Numbers To Do Social Research | |
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The Functions of Statistics | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Looking at the Larger Picture: A Student Survey | |
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Description | |
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Organizing the Data | |
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Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data | |
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Comparing Distributions | |
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Proportions and Percentages | |
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Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data | |
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Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data | |
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Cumulative Distributions | |
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Dealing with Decimal Data | |
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Flexible Class Intervals | |
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Cross-Tabulations | |
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Graphic Presentations | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Measures of Central Tendency | |
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The Mode | |
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The Median | |
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The Mean | |
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Taking One Step at a Time | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Measures of Variability | |
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The Range | |
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The Variance and the Standard Deviation | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Standard Deviation | |
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The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Variance and Standard Deviation Using Raw Scores | |
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The Meaning of the Standard Deviation | |
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Comparing Measures of Variability | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Looking at the Larger Picture: Describing Data | |
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From Description to Decision Making | |
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Probability and the Normal Curve | |
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Probability | |
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Probability Distributions | |
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The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution | |
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Characteristics of the Normal Curve | |
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The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve | |
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The Area under the Normal Curve | |
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Standard Scores and the Normal Curve | |
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Finding Probability under the Normal Curve | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Probability under the Normal Curve | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Samples and Populations | |
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Random Sampling | |
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Sampling Error | |
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Sampling Distribution of Means | |
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Standard Error of the Mean | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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The t Distribution | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Confidence Interval Using t | |
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Estimating Proportions | |
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Step-By-Step Illustration: Confidence Interval for Proportions | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing from Samples to Populations | |
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Decision Making | |
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Testing Differences between Means | |
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The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means | |
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The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means | |
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Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means | |
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Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means | |
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Levels of Significance | |
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Standard Error of the Difference between Means | |
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Testing the Difference between Means | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Means | |
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Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Means for Same Sample Measured Twice | |
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Two-Sample Test of Proportions | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Proportions | |
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Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Analysis of Variance | |
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The Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
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The Sum of Squares | |
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Mean Square | |
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The F Ratio | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Analysis of Variance | |
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Requirements for Using the F Ratio | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Nonparametric Tests of Significance | |
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The Chi-Square Test | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Chi-Square Test of Significance | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Chi-Square Test for Several Groups | |
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The Median Test | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Median Test | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Looking at the Larger Picture: Testing Differences | |
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From Decision Making to Association | |
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Correlation | |
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Strength of Correlation | |
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Direction of Correlation | |
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Curvilinear Correlation | |
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The Correlation Coefficient | |
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Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
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A Simplified Method for Testing the Significance of r | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Regression Analysis | |
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The Regression Model | |
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Interpreting the Regression Line | |
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Regression and Pearson's Correlation | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Regression Analysis | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Nonparametric Measures of Correlation | |
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Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient | |
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Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma | |
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Step-by-Step Illustration: Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma | |
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Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 x 2 Table | |
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Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2 x 2 Tables | |
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Summary | |
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Questions and Problems | |
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Looking at the Larger Picture: Measuring Association | |
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Applying Statistics | |
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Applying Statistical Procedures to Research Problems | |
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Research Situations | |
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Research Solutions | |
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Appendixes | |
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A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics | |
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Working with Decimals | |
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Dealing with Negative Numbers | |
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The Summation Sign | |
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Tables | |
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List of Formulas | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Index | |