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Preface to the Student | |
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Preface to the Instructor | |
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An Introduction to Public Speaking | |
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Why Study Public Speaking? | |
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Personal Benefits | |
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Professional Benefits | |
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Try This: Assessing the Importance of Communication | |
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Public Benefits | |
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Definitions of Communication | |
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Levels of Communication | |
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Intrapersonal Communication | |
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Interpersonal Communication | |
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Group Communication | |
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Public Communication | |
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Mass Communication | |
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Elements of Communication | |
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Speaker | |
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Message | |
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Listener | |
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Feedback | |
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Channel | |
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Environment | |
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Noise | |
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The Public Speaker as Critical Thinker | |
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Summary | |
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Theory into Practice: Thinking about Speaking | |
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Exercises | |
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The Ethics of Public Speaking | |
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Definition of Ethics | |
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Principles of Ethics | |
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Try This: Developing a Code of Ethics | |
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Ethical Speaking | |
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Speak Up about Topics You Consider Important | |
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Choose Topics That Promote Positive Ethical Values | |
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Speak to Benefit Your Listeners | |
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Use Truthful Supporting Material and Valid Reasoning | |
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Consider the Consequences of Your Words and Actions | |
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Strive to Improve Your Public Speaking | |
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Ethical Listening | |
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Seek Exposure to Well-Informed Speakers | |
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Avoid Prejudging Speakers or Their Ideas | |
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Evaluate the Speaker's Logic and Credibility | |
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Beware of the Consequences of Not Listening Carefully | |
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Fair Use Guidelines | |
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Plagiarism | |
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Theory into Practice: Effective and Ethical Paraphrasing | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Speaking Confidently | |
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Recognize That Speaker Nervousness Is Normal | |
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Control Speaker Nervousness | |
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Learn How to Build Speaker Confidence | |
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Know How You React to Stress | |
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Know Your Strengths and Weaknesses | |
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Ethical Decisions: Being Yourself | |
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Know Speech Principles | |
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Know That It Always Looks Worse from the Inside | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Bo'don Wilson | |
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Try This: Managing Nervous Energy | |
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Know Your Speech | |
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Believe in Your Topic | |
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View Speech Making Positively | |
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Visualize Success | |
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Project Confidence | |
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Test Your Message | |
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Practice Your Delivery | |
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Theory into Practice: Gaining Perspective | |
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Prepare Your First Speech | |
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Understand the Assignment | |
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Develop Your Speech Content | |
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Organize Your Speech | |
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Word Your Speech | |
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Practice Your Speech | |
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Deliver Your Speech | |
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Evaluate Your Speech | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Responding to Speeches | |
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The Importance of Listening | |
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Listening versus Hearing | |
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Listening Is Intermittent | |
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Listening Is a Learned Skill | |
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Listening Is Active | |
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Listening Implies Using the Message Received | |
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The Process of Listening | |
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Receive | |
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Select | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Julie Ruth | |
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Interpret | |
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Understand | |
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Evaluate | |
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Resolve | |
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Obstacles to Effective Listening | |
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Physical Distractions | |
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Physiological Distractions | |
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Psychological Distractions | |
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Factual Distractions | |
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Semantic Distractions | |
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Promoting Better Listening | |
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Desire to Listen | |
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Focus on the Message | |
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Listen for Main Ideas | |
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Understand the Speaker's Point of View | |
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Reinforce the Message | |
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Provide Feedback | |
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Listen with the Body | |
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Withhold Judgment | |
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Listen Critically | |
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Critiquing Speeches | |
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Begin with a Positive Statement | |
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Target a Few Areas for Improvement | |
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Organize Your Comments | |
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Be Specific | |
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Be Honest But Tactful | |
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Personalize Your Comments | |
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Reinforce the Positive | |
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Problem-Solve the Negative | |
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Ethical Decisions: Right of Refusal | |
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Provide the Speaker with a Plan of Action | |
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End with a Positive Statement | |
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Theory into Practice: Critiquing a Classmate | |
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Acting on Criticism | |
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Focus on What Your Critics Say, Not How They Say It | |
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Seek Clear and Specific Feedback | |
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Evaluate the Feedback You Receive | |
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Develop a Plan of Action | |
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Try This: Critiquing Yourself | |
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Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Analyzing Your Audience | |
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Recognize the Value of Audience Diversity | |
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Analyze Your Audience before the Speech | |
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Analyze Audience Demographics | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Krystal Graves | |
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Analyze Audience Psychographics | |
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Analyze Audience Needs | |
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Analyze Specific Speaking Situations | |
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Ethical Decisions: Ghosting 101 | |
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Theory into Practice: Using an Audience Questionnaire | |
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Analyze Your Audience during the Speech | |
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Analyze Your Audience after the Speech | |
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Try This: Incorporating Questionnaire Results | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating a Speaker's Audience Analysis | |
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Exercises | |
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Selecting Your Speech Topic | |
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Generate Ideas | |
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Self-Generated Topics | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Bryan McClure | |
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Audience-Generated Topics | |
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Occasion-Generated Topics | |
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Research-Generated Topics | |
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Theory into Practice: Selecting Your Topic | |
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Try This: Using a Group to Select Your Topic | |
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Focus Your Topic | |
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Ethical Decisions: Should Instructors Censor? | |
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Determine Your General Purpose | |
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Speeches to Inform | |
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Speeches to Persuade | |
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Speeches to Entertain | |
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Formulate Your Specific Purpose | |
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Word Your Thesis Statement | |
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Develop Your Speech Title | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Titles | |
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Exercises | |
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Researching Your Topic | |
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Assess Your Personal Knowledge | |
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Develop Your Research Plan | |
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Theory into Practice: Developing Personal Speech Resources | |
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Collect Your Information | |
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Magazines and Journals | |
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Try This: Comparing Online Searches | |
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Newspapers | |
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Government Documents | |
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Books | |
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Reference Works | |
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Television and Radio | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Traci Futrell | |
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Interviews | |
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Calling, Writing, and Emailing for Information | |
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Ethical Decisions: The Privacy of Public Information | |
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Record Your Information | |
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What to Record | |
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How to Record Information | |
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Conclude Your Search | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Research | |
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Exercises | |
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Supporting Your Speech | |
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Purposes of Supporting Materials | |
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Clarity | |
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Vividness | |
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Credibility | |
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Types of Supporting Materials | |
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Examples | |
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Definition | |
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Narration | |
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Comparison | |
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Contrast | |
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Statistics | |
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Testimony | |
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Tests of Evidence | |
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Is the Evidence Quoted in Context? | |
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Is the Source of the Evidence an Expert? | |
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Is the Source of the Evidence Unbiased? | |
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Is the Evidence Relevant to the Point Being Made? | |
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Is the Evidence Specific? | |
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Is the Evidence Sufficient to Prove the Point? | |
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Is the Evidence Timely? | |
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Ethical Decisions: Biased Sources: To Use or Not to Use | |
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Evaluating Electronic Information | |
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Purpose | |
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Expertise | |
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Objectivity | |
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Accuracy | |
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Try This: Evaluating Internet Sources | |
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Timeliness | |
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Citing Your Sources | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Elisabeth Pallante | |
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Theory into Practice: Information for Oral Footnotes | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Evidence | |
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Exercises | |
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Organizing the Body of Your Speech | |
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Formulate an Organizing Question | |
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Divide the Speech into Key Ideas | |
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Topical Division | |
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Chronological Division | |
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Spatial Division | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Corey Town | |
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Causal Division | |
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Pro-Con Division | |
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Mnemonic or Gimmick Division | |
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Problem-Solution Division | |
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Need-Plan Division | |
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Develop the Key Ideas | |
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Signpost the Idea | |
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State the Idea | |
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Support the Idea | |
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Summarize the Idea | |
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Theory into Practice: Applying the "4 S's" | |
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Connect the Key Ideas | |
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Ethical Decisions: Crunch Time | |
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Try This: Developing One Key Idea | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Organization | |
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Exercises | |
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Introducing and Concluding Your Speech | |
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Organize the Introduction of the Speech | |
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Get the Attention of Your Audience | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Jacquine Stenz | |
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State Your Topic | |
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Ethical Decisions: Revealing versus Concealing Your Purpose | |
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Establish the Importance of Your Topic | |
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Establish Your Credibility to Speak on Your Topic | |
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Preview Your Key Ideas | |
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Put It All Together | |
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Organize the Conclusion of the Speech | |
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Try This: Developing Introductions | |
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Summarize Your Key Ideas | |
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Activate Audience Response | |
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Provide Closure | |
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Put It All Together | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Introductions | |
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Exercises | |
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Theory into Practice: Outward Method of Speech Development | |
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Outlining Your Speech | |
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Functions of Outlining | |
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Tests Scope of Content | |
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Tests Logical Relation of Parts | |
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Tests Relevance of Supporting Ideas | |
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Checks Balance of Speech | |
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Serves as Delivery Notes | |
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Principles of Outlining | |
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Singularity | |
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Consistency | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Alana Kwast | |
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Adequacy | |
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Uniformity | |
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Parallelism | |
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Stages of Outlining | |
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The Working Outline | |
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Theory into Practice: Visual Brainstorming | |
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Try This: Developing a Working Outline | |
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The Formal Outline | |
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The Speaking Outline | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating a Speech Outline | |
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Exercises | |
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Wording Your Speech | |
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Functions of Language | |
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Communicate Ideas | |
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Send Messages about User | |
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Strengthen Social Bonds | |
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Serve as Instrument of Play | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Suzanne L. Hamilton | |
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Check Language Use | |
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Principles of Effective Language Use | |
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Use Language Correctly | |
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Use Language Clearly | |
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Use Language Vividly | |
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Ethical Decisions: Doublespeak or Clearspeak | |
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Use Language Inclusively | |
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Use Oral Style | |
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Try This: Becoming an Inclusive Speaker | |
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Theory into Practice: Keys to Effective Oral Style | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Analyzing Language Use in a Powerful Speech | |
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Exercises | |
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Delivering Your Speech | |
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Principles of Nonverbal Communication | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Michael Gino | |
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Methods of Delivery | |
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Speaking Impromptu | |
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Speaking from Memory | |
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Speaking from Manuscript | |
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Speaking Extemporaneously | |
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Qualities of Effective Delivery | |
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Elements of Vocal Delivery | |
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Rate and Pause | |
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Volume | |
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Pitch and Inflection | |
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Voice Quality | |
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Articulation and Pronunciation | |
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Elements of Physical Delivery | |
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Appearance | |
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Theory into Practice: Dressing for Address | |
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Posture | |
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Facial Expression | |
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Eye Contact | |
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Movement | |
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Gestures | |
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Try This: Practicing Your Delivery | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Pairing Gestures and Movements with Words | |
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Exercises | |
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Using Presentational Aids | |
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The Importance of Using Presentational Aids | |
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Increases Message Clarity | |
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Reinforces Message Impact | |
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Increases Speaker Dynamism | |
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Enhances Speaker Confidence | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Joanie Klingel | |
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Types of Presentational Aids | |
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Objects | |
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Graphics | |
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Theory into Practice: Designing Transparencies and Slides | |
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Ethical Decisions: Fair Use or Copyright Infringement | |
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Film and Video | |
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Handouts | |
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Audio and Other Aids | |
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Strategies for Using Presentational Aids | |
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Before the Speech | |
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During the Speech | |
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Try This: Planning Presentational Aids for the Classroom | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating Presentational Aids | |
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Exercises | |
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Speaking to Inform | |
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Characteristics of a Speech to Inform | |
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Informative Speech Topics | |
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Speeches about People | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Patty Pak | |
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Speeches about Objects | |
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Speeches about Places | |
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Speeches about Activities and Events | |
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Speeches about Processes | |
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Speeches about Concepts | |
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Speeches about Conditions | |
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Speeches about Issues | |
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Try This: Targeting an Informative Topic | |
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Theory into Practice: Organizing Informative Speeches | |
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Guidelines for Speaking to Inform | |
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Stress Your Informative Purpose | |
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Be Objective | |
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Be Specific | |
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Be Clear | |
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Be Accurate | |
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Limit Your Ideas and Supporting Materials | |
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Be Relevant | |
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Use Appropriate Organization | |
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Use Appropriate Forms of Support | |
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Use Effective Delivery | |
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Ethical Decisions: Managing Bias in an Informative Speech | |
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Annotated Sample Speech The Amish: Seeking to Lose the Self | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating and Comparing Two Informative Student Speeches | |
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Exercises | |
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The Strategy of Persuasion | |
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The Importance of Persuasion | |
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A Definition of Persuasion | |
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Types of Influence | |
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Change | |
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Instill | |
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Intensify | |
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Types of Persuasive Speeches | |
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Theory into Practice: The Pyramid of Persuasion | |
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Speeches to Convince | |
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Speeches to Actuate | |
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Speeches to Inspire | |
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Persuasive Speaking Strategies | |
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Establish Your Credibility | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Gene Fox | |
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Try This: Assessing and Building Your Credibility | |
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Focus Your Goals | |
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Connect with Your Listeners | |
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Organize Your Arguments | |
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Support Your Ideas | |
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Ethical Decisions: Dynamism: Masking or Making Credibility | |
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Enhance Your Emotional Appeals | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Analyzing Persuasive Appeals in a Powerful Speech | |
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Exercises | |
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The Structure of Persuasion | |
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Making and Refuting Arguments | |
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Steps of an Argument | |
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Refuting an Argument | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Brian Davis | |
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Types of Argument | |
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Argument by Example | |
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Argument by Analogy | |
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Argument by Cause | |
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Argument by Deduction | |
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Argument by Authority | |
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Theory into Practice: Testing Your Arguments | |
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Fallacies of Argument | |
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Hasty Generalization | |
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False Analogy | |
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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc | |
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Slippery Slope | |
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Red Herring | |
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Appeal to Tradition | |
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False Dilemma | |
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False Authority | |
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Bandwagon | |
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Ad Hominem | |
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Selecting Propositions for Persuasive Speeches | |
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Characteristics of Propositions | |
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Types of Propositions | |
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Try This: Formulating Your Persuasive Proposition | |
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence | |
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Annotated Sample Speech Sustainable Giving | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Identifying a Claim and Evaluating Evidence | |
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Exercises | |
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Speaking on Special Occasions | |
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The Speech of Introduction | |
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The Speech of Presentation | |
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The Acceptance Speech | |
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Ethical Decisions: How (and Whether) to Polish a Bad Apple | |
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The Speech of Tribute | |
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The Speech to Entertain | |
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The Impromptu Speech | |
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The Question-Answer Period | |
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Try This: Anticipating and Answering Listeners' Questions | |
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The Videotaped Speech | |
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Summary | |
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Theory into Practice: Appearing on Video | |
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Practice Critique: Evaluating a Speech of Tribute | |
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Exercises | |
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Speaking in and as a Group | |
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Small-Group Communication and Public Speaking | |
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Small Groups Defined | |
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Types of Groups | |
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Try This: Analyzing Your Group | |
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Group Discussion and Decision Making | |
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Principles of Group Decision Making | |
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The Process of Group Decision Making | |
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The Responsibilities of Group Members | |
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The Responsibilities of Group Leaders | |
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Ethical Decisions: Leader and Member Responses When Groups Fail | |
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The Group Presentation | |
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Formats for the Presentation | |
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Preparing a Group Presentation | |
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Speaking with Confidence: Cynthia Opakunle | |
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Theory into Practice: Developing a Presentational Style | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Critique: Analyzing a Group's Interactions | |
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Exercises | |
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Sample Speeches | |
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Renaissance Fairs: The New Vaudeville | |
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Steganography: Hidden Messages | |
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A Sign of the Times | |
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How Old Is He Anyway? Aging the Whitetail Buck | |
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Persuasive Speech | |
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Speech of Tribute to Charles M. Schulz | |
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I Have a Dream | |
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Endnotes | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |