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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to Educational Research: Definitions, Research Problems, Proposals, and Report Writing | |
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| Fundamentals of Research | |
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| The Search for Knowledge | |
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| Science | |
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| The Role of Theory | |
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| Operational Definitions of Variables | |
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| The Hypothesis | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Purposes of Research | |
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| Descriptive Research, Assessment, and Evaluation | |
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| Types of Educational Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Selecting a Problem and Preparing a Research Proposal | |
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| The Academic Research Problem | |
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| Using the Library | |
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| References and Bibliography | |
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| The Research Proposal | |
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| The First Research Project | |
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| Submitting to a Funding Agency | |
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| Thesis Proposal | |
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| Ethics in Human Experimentation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| The Research Report | |
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| Style Manuals | |
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| Format of the Research Report | |
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| The Thesis or Dissertation | |
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| Style of Writing | |
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| Reference Form | |
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| Pagination | |
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| Tables | |
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| Figures | |
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| Evaluating a Research Report | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Historical Research | |
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| Purpose of Historical Research on American Education | |
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| History and Science | |
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| The Historical Hypothesis | |
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| Sources of Data | |
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| Historical Criticism | |
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| Writing the Historical Report | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Article | |
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| Descriptive Studies: Assessment, Evaluation, and Research | |
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| Assessment Studies | |
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| Evaluation Studies | |
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| Assessment and Evaluation in Problem Solving | |
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| Descriptive Research | |
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| The Follow-Up Study | |
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| Replication and Secondary Analysis | |
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| The Post Hoc Fallacy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Article | |
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| Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research | |
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| Early Experimentation | |
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| Experimental and Control Groups | |
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| Variables | |
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| Controlling Extraneous Variables | |
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| Experimental Validity | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Article | |
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| Single-Subject Experimental Research | |
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| General Procedures | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Basic Designs | |
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| Evaluating Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Article | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Themes of Qualitative Research | |
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| Research Questions | |
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| Theoretical Traditions | |
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| Research Strategies | |
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| Data Collection Techniques | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Article | |
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| Methods and Tools of Research | |
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| Reliability and Validity of Research Tools | |
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| Quantitative Studies | |
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| Qualitative Studies | |
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| Psychological and Educational Tests and Inventories | |
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| Types of Tests and Inventories | |
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| Observation | |
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| Inquiry Forms: The Questionnaire | |
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| Inquiry Forms: The Opinionnaire | |
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| The Interview | |
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| Q Methodology | |
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| Social Scaling | |
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| Organization of Data Collection | |
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| Limitations and Sources of Error | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Data Analysis | |
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| Descriptive Data Analysis | |
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| What Is Statistics? | |
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| Parametric and Nonparametric Data | |
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| Descriptive and Inferential Analysis | |
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| The Organization of Data | |
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| Statistical Measures | |
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| Normal Distribution | |
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| Measures of Relative Position: Standard Scores | |
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| Measures of Relationship | |
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| Interpretation of a Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Standard Error of Estimate | |
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| A Note of Caution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises (Answers in Appendix I) | |
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| References | |
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| Inferential Data Analysis | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| The Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Parametric Tests | |
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| Testing Statistical Significance | |
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| Decision Making | |
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| A One-Sample Z Test | |
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| Student's Distribution (t) | |
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| Homogeneity of Variances | |
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| Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Partial Correlation | |
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| Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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| Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Outliers and Missing Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises (Answers in Appendix I) | |
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| References | |
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| Computer Data Analysis | |
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| The Computer | |
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| Data Organization | |
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| Computer Analysis of Data | |
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| Statistics on the World Wide Web (Internet) | |
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| Qualitative Analyses Using Computer Software | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Statistical Formulas and Symbols | |
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| Sample Data Microsoft Excel Format | |
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| Percentage of Area Lying between the Mean and Successive Standard Deviation Units under the Normal Curve | |
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| Critical Values for Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation (r) | |
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| Critical Values of Student's Distribution (t) | |
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| Abridged Table of Critical Values for Chi Square | |
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| Critical Values of the F Distribution | |
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| Research Report Evaluation | |
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| Answers to Statistics Exercises | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |