| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Shapes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation Velocity and Medium Velocity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sinusoidal Waves: More Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oscillating Things and Sinusoidal Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of the Concept of Waves to Sound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship among v, f, and [lambda] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Velocity and Properties of the Medium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastic Properties of Air | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflection and Transmission of Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interference and Superposition | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standing Waves in Ropes and Strings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation of Standing Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boundary Conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for a String Tied at Both Ends | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for String Tied at One End and Free at the Other | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for a String Loose at Both Ends | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standing Waves in Air Columns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Longitudinal Displacement Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for an Air Column Closed at Both Ends | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for an Air Column Open at Both Ends | |
| |
| |
| |
| Normal Modes for an Air Column Open at One End and Closed at the Other End | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonance | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Fronts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Fronts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Fronts and Space Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction of Waves | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase of a Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Wave Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Traveling Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Standing Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sound Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonrepetitive Sounds | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Behavior of the String with Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rules for Repeat Frequencies of Complex Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Analysis of Traveling Waves | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Speech Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocal Organs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocal Fold Vibration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acoustic Properties of the Vocal Tract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sound Spectrographs | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acoustics of Specific Speech Sounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vowels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glide and Liquid Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nasal Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fricative Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stop Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coarticulation | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work and Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work and Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Work-Energy Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relation of Wave Energy to Wave Amplitude | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units of Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relation of Energy to Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relation of Power to Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Audible Levels of Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scientific Notation (Powers of Ten) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expressing Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Addition and Subtraction of Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiplication and Division of Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perception of Sound Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bel Scale for Sound Intensities | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Decibel Scale for Sound Intensities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fractional Powers of Ten | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logarithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logs of Products and Quotients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logs of Numbers Between 0 and 1, and Greater than 10 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logs and Negative Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Examples Involving Decibels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intensity Level versus Loudness Level | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negative Decibel Values | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Addition of Intensity and Loudness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notes on Reference Levels | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ear and the Hearing Mechanism | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Outer Ear | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Middle Ear | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Inner Ear | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Process of Hearing | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metric System of Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonetic Symbols Used | |
| |
| |
| Index | |