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Preface | |
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Basic Research Methods | |
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General Research Strategies | |
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The Field of Lifespan Development | |
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Influences on Development | |
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The Field of Lifespan Development: A Summary | |
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General Research Methods | |
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Initial Planning: The Importance of Theory | |
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Research Designs | |
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Using Analog Methods to Study Difficult-to-Manipulate Variables | |
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Critiquing Designs | |
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Controlling Validity Threats | |
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The Participants: Today's Problems | |
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The Participants: Tomorrow's Problems | |
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The Experimenter | |
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Controlling Threats to External Validity | |
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Summary of Validity Threats | |
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Developmental Designs | |
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Cross-Sectional Designs | |
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Longitudinal Designs | |
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Time-Lag Designs | |
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Modified Developmental Designs | |
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Developmental Designs and Methods | |
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Summary of Developmental Designs | |
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Methods of Data Collection | |
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Data-Collection Strategies I: Addressing "How" | |
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Data-Collection Strategies II: Addressing "Good" | |
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Summary of Data-Collection Methods | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Identifying Introductory Terms | |
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The Scientific, Applied, and Collaborative Nature of the Field | |
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Participants, Researchers, and Research Settings | |
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Sampling and Recruitment | |
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Sampling | |
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Sampling Different Age Groups | |
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Using Multiple Sampling Strategies to Obtain Sample Diversity | |
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Recruitment | |
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Summary of Sampling and Recruitment Methods | |
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Ethical Issues in Human Development Research | |
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The Institutional Review Board (IRB) | |
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Informed Consent | |
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Risks and Benefits | |
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Confidentiality | |
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Vulnerable Populations | |
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Summary of Ethical Issues | |
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The Effects of Peer-Reputation Measures | |
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The Experimenter | |
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Standardization | |
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Experimenter Bias | |
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Additional Sources of Subject Reactivity | |
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Research Settings | |
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Common Research Settings | |
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Obtaining Parental Permission | |
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The Neighborhood Walk | |
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Emerging Rules for Internet Research | |
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Summary of Research Settings | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Identifying Sampling, Recruiting, and Consent Procedures | |
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Research Methods in Infant Development | |
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Newborn and Biobehavioral Assessment | |
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Major Methodological Issues | |
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Sampling and Recruitment | |
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The Importance of Infant State | |
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Working with Vulnerable Infants | |
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Summary of Methodological Issues | |
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Neonatal Assessment | |
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Common Perinatal Screening Strategies | |
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Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) | |
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Additional Behavioral-Assessment Scales | |
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NBAS Training as an Intervention | |
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Summary of Newborn Assessment | |
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State Regulation and Arousal | |
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Infant State Assessment | |
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Using the "Breathing Bear" to Assist the State Regulation of Premature Infants | |
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Assessment of Infant Crying | |
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Physiological Indices of Arousal and Regulation | |
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Temperament | |
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Summary of State Regulation and Arousal Assessment | |
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Born Too Shy? A Longitudinal Study of Infant Reactivity | |
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Growth and Motor Development | |
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Physical Growth | |
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Motor Development | |
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Summary of Growth and Motor Development | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Read a Real Sad Study-The Assessment of Infant Crying | |
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Assessing Infant Mental Abilities | |
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Assessment of Infant Learning and Information Processing | |
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Habituation | |
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Expectancy Formation | |
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Physiological Measures to Tap Infant Learning | |
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Instrumental Conditioning | |
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Object-Hiding and Deferred-Imitation Paradigms | |
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Summary of Infant Learning/Information-Processing Assessment | |
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Infant Sensation and Perception | |
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Touch | |
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When's a Touch Too Much? Infant Massage Therapy | |
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Chemical Sensation: Olfaction and Taste | |
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Visual Perception | |
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Auditory Perception | |
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Cross-Modal Transfer | |
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Summary of Infant Sensation and Perception | |
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Cognition | |
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Object Concept Formation | |
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Categorization | |
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Space, Time, and Number | |
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Summary of Infant Cognition Methods | |
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Testing Infant Mental Development | |
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Bayley Scales of Infant Development | |
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Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI) | |
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Summary of Infant Tests of Mental Development | |
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Play Assessment | |
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Methodological Considerations | |
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Infant Free-Play Assessments | |
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Elicited-Play Assessments | |
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Summary of Play Assessment | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Object Permanence Methods | |
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Assessing Infant Socioemotional Development | |
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Capturing Early Emotional Development | |
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Assessing Basic Infant Emotions | |
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Cognitive Maturity | |
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Emotional Elicitors | |
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Measuring Emotional Expression and States | |
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Facial Expressions in Infants Across Three Cultures | |
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Summary of Early Emotional Development | |
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Assessing Emotion Regulation | |
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Definition and Basic Measurement Strategies | |
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Predictors of Emotion Regulation | |
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Summary of Emotion-Regulation Assessment | |
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Assessing Infant Attachment | |
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Definitional and Theoretical Issues | |
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The Strange Situation | |
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Modifying the Strange Situation | |
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Attachment Behavior Q-Set | |
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Variables that Predict Attachment Security or Insecurity | |
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The Adult Attachment Interview | |
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Is Attachment Security Universally Valued? | |
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Adult Attachment Interview: A Brief Overview | |
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Associations with Infant Attachment and Caregiver Sensitivity | |
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Frightening or Frightened Caregiver Behavior | |
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Summary of Adult Attachment Interview | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Infant Attachment | |
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Research Methods in Child Development | |
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Assessing Cognitive Processes in Children | |
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Assessing Cognition I: Piagetian Techniques | |
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Piaget's Theory: A Brief Overview | |
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An Introduction to Piagetian Methods | |
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Summary of Piagetian Theory and Tasks | |
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Assessing Cognition II: Recent Techniques | |
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Alteration of Task Requirements and Training | |
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Assessing Domain-Specific Knowledge | |
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Assessing Theory of Mind | |
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Assessment of Sociodramatic Play | |
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Conclusions and Piaget's Legacy | |
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The Museum as a Research Context | |
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Assessing Information Processing in Children | |
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Major Components of the Information-Processing System | |
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Assessing Information-Processing Components and Capabilities | |
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Information-Processing Speed | |
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Episodic Buffer "Space" | |
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Assessing the Efficiency of Working Memory | |
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Assessing Retrieval Strategies | |
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Summary of Information-Processing Methods | |
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Assessing Eyewitness Recall in Children | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Working Memory in Children | |
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Assessing Child Intellect and Language | |
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Assessing Child Intellect | |
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Group-Administered Intelligence Tests | |
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Individual Tests of Intelligence | |
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Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests | |
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Assessing "Total" Intelligence | |
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Assessing Child Intellect: A Summary | |
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Does Television-Viewing Warp Thinking? | |
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Language Assessment | |
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Types of Language Assessments | |
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Language Development: A Very Brief Landscape | |
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Major Considerations Regarding Language Assessment | |
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Talking to Myself: The Assessment of Private Speech | |
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Screening Infants and Children for Communicative Abilities | |
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Comprehensive, Standardized Language Tests | |
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Comprehensive Assessment of Language in Naturalistic Settings | |
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Summary of Language Assessment | |
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Assessing the Cognitive and Linguistic Environments of Children | |
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Assessing Adult Mentorship Behavior | |
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Beyond the Parent-Child Dyad | |
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Assessing Learning and Cognitive Environments: A Summary | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Intelligence in Children | |
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Assessing Social Development in Children | |
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Obtaining Consistent, Accurate Data from Children | |
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Are Children Good Informants? | |
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How to Interview Children | |
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The Use of Child Informants: A Summary | |
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Assessing Self-Representation and Self-Esteem | |
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Assessing Self-Representation | |
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Assessing Self-Esteem | |
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Summary of Self-Assessment | |
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Assessing Gender-Related Thinking and Behavior in Children | |
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Gender-Schema Theory | |
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Sex As an Independent Variable | |
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Assessing Gender-Related Attitudes and Preferences | |
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Assessing Gender Constancy and Gender Identity | |
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Assessing Gender-Related Behavior | |
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Summary of Gender-Related Assessments | |
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Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior | |
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Assessing Perspective Taking | |
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Assessing Moral Reasoning, Distributive Justice, and Social Conventions | |
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Assessing Prosocial Behavior | |
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Assessing Empathy and Sympathy | |
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Assessing Aggression in Context | |
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Assessing Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior: A Summary | |
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Assessing Relationships with Others | |
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Assessing Child-Caregiver Attachment | |
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Assessing Peer Relationships | |
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Assessing Relationships with Others: A Summary | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Bullies and Victims | |
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Research Methods in Adolescent Development | |
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Assessing Adolescent Development I: Biological, Cognitive, and Social Changes | |
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Understanding Adolescent Development: A Brief Overview | |
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A Contemporary Framework | |
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Understanding Adolescent Development: A Summary | |
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Assessing Pubertal Development | |
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Assessing Hormonal Concentrations | |
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An Event-Sampling Method for Documenting Mood Changes | |
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Assessing Pubertal Change and Status | |
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Measuring Pubertal Development: A Summary | |
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Measuring Cognitive Changes in Adolescence | |
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Piaget's Perspective on Adolescent Thought | |
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Linking Social and Cognitive Development | |
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Piagetian Theory and Methods: A Summary | |
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Assessing Adolescent Information Processing | |
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Summary of Cognitive Assessment | |
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Assessing Social Change | |
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Social Changes in the Family Context | |
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Assessing Social Changes in the Peer Group | |
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Assessing Adolescent-Adult Transitions | |
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Assessing Social Changes: A Summary | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Adolescents and Culture | |
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Assessing Adolescent Development II: The Developmental Outcomes | |
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Attachment and Intimacy | |
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Attachment | |
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Intimacy | |
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Some Remaining Questions | |
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Assessing Attachment and Intimacy: A Summary | |
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Autonomy | |
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Emotional Autonomy | |
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Behavioral Autonomy | |
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Value Autonomy | |
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Some Conclusions About Autonomy Assessment | |
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Identity | |
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Erikson's Theory: A Brief Overview | |
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Identity: Additional Methodological and Theoretical Issues | |
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Is Erikson's Theory Developmentally Valid? | |
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Some Conclusions Regarding Identity Assessment | |
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Achievement | |
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Assessing Educational Achievement | |
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Assessing Occupational Aspirations | |
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Achievement: A Summary | |
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Sexuality | |
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Locating Research Contexts and Samples | |
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What to Assess? | |
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Some Remaining Methodological and Theoretical Issues | |
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Assessing Sexuality: Some Concluding Thoughts | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Adolescents and Sex | |
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Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging | |
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Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research I: Biological and Cognitive Changes | |
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Methodological Issues Facing Adult Developmentalists | |
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What Influences Development? | |
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Sampling | |
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Maximizing Data Quality | |
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Summary | |
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Assessing Biological and Health Ramifications of Aging | |
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The Biology of Aging: Methodological Considerations | |
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Health, Disease, and Health Risk | |
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Summary | |
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Stress and Coping: Methodological Issues | |
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Stress: Definitional and Methodological Issues | |
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Stress Outcomes | |
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The Assessment of Coping | |
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Parents are Hassled: No Kidding Around | |
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Summary | |
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Adult Cognition | |
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Intelligence | |
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Can We Reverse Cognitive Decline? | |
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Information Processing and Memory | |
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Qualitative Cognitive Changes | |
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Summary | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Stress and Coping | |
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Methodological Issues in Adult Development Research II: Personality and Social Processes | |
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Methodological Approaches to Personality Development | |
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Trait Theory and Research | |
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Assessing the Personalities of Children | |
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Stage Theories of Personality | |
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Summary | |
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Assessing the Context of Marriage | |
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Marital Behavior | |
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Marital Cognitions | |
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Marital Quality | |
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Summary | |
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Methodological Issues in Parenting Research | |
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What Child Outcomes Should I Predict? | |
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Parental Emotional Functioning | |
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Parental Cognitions | |
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Parenting Styles and Practices | |
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Summary | |
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Grandparenting and Intergenerational Relationships | |
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The Theoretical Influence of Grandparents | |
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The Intergenerational Effects of Parenting and Attachment | |
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Variables That Influence Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships | |
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Methodological Issues in Caregiving | |
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Summary | |
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Career Development: Methodological and Assessment Issues | |
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The Adult Worker: Methodological Issues | |
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Theories of Career Development | |
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Assessing Career Development | |
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Assessing Career-Development Outcomes | |
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Summary | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Research Navigator Exercise: Marital Satisfaction | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |