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| Preface | |
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| Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? | |
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| Basic Definitions | |
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| Culture | |
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| Society, Race, and Ethnicity | |
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| Knowledge in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| Cultural Traditionalism | |
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| Empirical Examination of Culture | |
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| Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research | |
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| Cultural Syndromes | |
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| Evolutionary Approach | |
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| Sociological Approach | |
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| Ecocultural Approach | |
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| The Cultural Mixtures Approach | |
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| The Integrative Approach: A Summary | |
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| Indigenous Psychology | |
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| Ethnocentrism | |
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| Multiculturalism | |
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| A Brief History of the Field | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research | |
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| Goals of Cross-Cultural Research | |
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| Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales | |
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| Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences | |
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| Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study | |
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| Sample Selection | |
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| Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| Survey Methods | |
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| Experimental Studies | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| Focus Group Methodology | |
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| Meta-Analysis: Research of Research | |
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| A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation | |
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| Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles | |
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| On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications | |
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| Cultural Dichotomies | |
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| There Are Fewer Differences than One Might Think | |
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| There Are More Differences than One Might Expect | |
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| Avoiding Bias of Generalizations | |
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| Know More About Cultures You Examine | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
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| The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe | |
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| Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray? | |
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| The Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different | |
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| The Barnum Effect: "One-Size-Fits-All" Descriptions | |
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| The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World Through Schema-Colored Glasses | |
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| The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization | |
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| The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events | |
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| The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences | |
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| The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality | |
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| Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why" | |
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| Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways | |
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| Bidirectional Causation | |
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| Multiple Causation | |
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| The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line Between "Is" and "Should" | |
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| The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!" | |
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| Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?" | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness | |
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| Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles | |
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| How Culture Influences What We Perceive | |
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| How People Perceive Pictures | |
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| Perception of Depth | |
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| Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions? | |
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| Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing | |
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| Perception of Color | |
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| Other Senses | |
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| Hearing | |
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| Taste | |
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| Smell | |
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| Touch | |
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| Perception of Time | |
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| Perception of the Beautiful | |
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| Perception of Music | |
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| Consciousness and Culture | |
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| Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams | |
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| Beyond Altered States of Consciousness | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Intelligence | |
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| Defining intelligence | |
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| Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores | |
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| Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior | |
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| Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence? | |
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| Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases | |
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| A Word About "Cultural Literacy" | |
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| Environment and Intelligence | |
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| Socioeconomic Factors | |
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| The Family Factor | |
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| "Natural Selection" and IQ Scores | |
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| Cultural Values of Cognition | |
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| General Cognition: What Is "Underneath" Intelligence? | |
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| Classification | |
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| Sorting | |
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| Memory | |
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| Formal and Mathematical Reasoning | |
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| Creativity | |
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| Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems | |
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| Culture, Tests, and Motivation | |
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| IQ, Culture, and Social Justice | |
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| And in the End, Moral Values | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Emotion | |
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| When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience | |
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| You Cannot Explain Pain If You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience | |
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| Emotions: Different or Universal? | |
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| Physiological Arousal | |
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| The Meaning of Preceding Events | |
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| Emotion as an Evaluation | |
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| We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way | |
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| How People Assess Emotional Experience | |
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| When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety | |
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| Expression of Emotion | |
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| When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger | |
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| Emotion and Inclination to Act | |
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| Emotion and Judgment | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Motivation and Behavior | |
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| A Glance into Evolution | |
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| Social Science: See the Society First | |
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| Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation | |
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| The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis | |
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| Humanistic Theories | |
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| Learning and Motivation | |
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| A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference | |
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| When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders | |
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| Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation | |
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| Aggressive Motivation and Violence | |
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| Culture and Sexuality | |
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| Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Human Development and Socialization | |
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| Development and Socialization | |
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| Quality of Life and the Child's Development | |
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| Norms, Customs, and Child Care | |
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| Parental Values and Expectations | |
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| Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development | |
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| Piaget�s Stages of Cognitive Development | |
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| Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg | |
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| Developmental Stages | |
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| Life Before Birth: Prenatal Period | |
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| First Steps: Infancy | |
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| Discovering the World: Childhood | |
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| Major Rehearsal: Adolescence | |
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| Adulthood | |
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| Late Adulthood | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Psychological Disorders | |
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| American Background: DSM-IV | |
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| Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology | |
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| Central and Peripheral Symptoms: An Outcome of the Debate Between Universalists and Relativists | |
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| Culture-Bound Syndromes | |
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| Anxiety Disorders | |
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| Depressive Disorders | |
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| Schizophrenia | |
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| Culture and Suicide | |
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| Personality Disorders | |
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| Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound? | |
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| Psychodiagnostic Biases | |
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| Psychotherapy | |
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| Culture Match? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Social Perception and Social Cognition | |
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| Values | |
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| Western and Non-Western Values | |
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| Striving for Consistent: The Cognitive Balance Theory | |
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| Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance | |
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| Psychological Dogmatism | |
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| Social Attribution | |
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| Attribution as Locus of Control | |
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| Attribution of Success and Failure | |
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| Self-Perception | |
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| Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body? | |
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| Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures | |
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| Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations | |
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| On "National Character" | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Social Interaction | |
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| Universal Interaction | |
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| Direct Contacts and Body Language | |
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| Conformity | |
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| Is Conformity Universal across Cultures? | |
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| Following Orders | |
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| Social Influence | |
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| Feeling Good About Some Views | |
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| Is Social Loafing Universal? | |
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| Cooperation and Competition | |
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| Leadership | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights | |
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| Health | |
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| Spirituality, Science, and Health | |
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| Business Decisions | |
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| Working with Immigrants | |
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| Education | |
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| Culture, Behavior, and the Law | |
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| Human Rights | |
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| Working and Serving Abroad | |
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| Religion: A Campus Context | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |