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Preface | |
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An Institutional Approach to Democracy and Democratization in Latin America | |
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Institutions and the Study of Democratic Politics | |
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What Is an Institution? | |
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What Is an Institutional Approach to Politics? | |
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Comparing Countries: Do Authoritarians Follow Institutional Rules? Military Regimes and Institutional Design | |
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Democracy in Latin America | |
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Democratic Transition | |
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Defining Democracy | |
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Country in the Spotlight: The Struggle for Democracy in Guatemala | |
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Conclusion | |
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State and Nation in Colonial Latin America | |
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Pillars of Democracy: State and Nation | |
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Land and People | |
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Human Settlements in the Pre-Colombian Period | |
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The Colonial Impact on Settlement and Demography | |
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The Colonial Period | |
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The Arrival, and Conquest | |
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The Expansion of Spanish Colonialism | |
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Comparing Countries: Conquest in Brazil Contrasted with Spanish America | |
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Colonial Institutions | |
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Religious Institutions in Colonial Latin America | |
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The Long Road to Independence | |
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Country in the Spotlight: Explaining the Exceptionalism of Colonial Legacies in the United States | |
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Conclusion | |
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Constitutions: From States and Nations to Regimes, and Back Again | |
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Constitutional Foundations: The Consolidation of Independent States and the Search for National Identity in Latin America | |
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The Caudillo Period (1820s-1870s) | |
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The Export Economy (1860s-1930s) | |
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The Opening of the U.S. Umbrella (1898) | |
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The Great Depression (1929) | |
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The Populist Era (1930s-l 960s) | |
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Bureaucratic Authoritarianism and the Cold War (1960s-l980s) | |
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From the Washington Consensus to the "Pink Tide"(1980s to present) | |
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Constitutions: The Rules of the Game and More | |
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Constitutional Development in Latin America | |
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Constitutionalism and Democracy | |
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Constitutions and Political Pacts | |
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Constitutions and National Identity | |
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The Politics of Constitutional Change | |
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Types of Constitutional Reform | |
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The Source of Reform: The People or Congress? | |
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Motives for Reform | |
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Institutional Opportunities and Barriers | |
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Comparing Countries: What Distinguishes the Structure and Content of Constitutions in Latin America? | |
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Explaining Constitutional Change in Latin America | |
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Country in the Spotlight: Constitutional Reform in Nicaragua | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Executive Branch: Latin American Style | |
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The Executive Branch in Presidential and Parliamentary Forms of Government | |
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The Parliamentary System | |
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The Presidential System | |
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Origins of Parliamentarism and Presidentialism | |
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Variations in Parliamentary and Presidential Systems | |
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Latin American Presidencies | |
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Constitutional Powers | |
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Partisan Powers | |
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Comparing Countries: An Assessment of Presidentialism | |
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The Administrative Arm of the Executive: Bureaucracy | |
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Efficiency and Bureaucracy | |
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The Pathologies of Bureaucracy | |
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The Size of Bureaucracy | |
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Corruption and Bureaucracy | |
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Bureaucratic Boundaries | |
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Country in the Spotlight: Presidential Politics in Argentina | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Legislative Branch: The Centerpiece of Democracy Under Fire | |
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Parliament and Congress | |
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The Functions of Congress | |
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Representation | |
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Past Roadblocks to Representation | |
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More Recent Changes in Representation | |
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Lawmaking | |
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Initiation | |
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Debate | |
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Oversight | |
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Direct Oversight | |
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Indirect Oversight | |
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Education | |
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Comparing Countries: Legislative Strength | |
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Legislative Structure | |
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Size | |
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Sessions | |
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Terms and Alternates | |
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Bicameralism | |
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Country in the Spotlight: The National Congress of Chile: A Barometer of Chilean Democracy | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Judiciary in Latin America: Separate but Unequal | |
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Approaches to Judicial Organization | |
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Common Law and Code Law Traditions | |
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Mixed Judicial Systems in Latin America | |
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The Rule of Law | |
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Defining the Rule of Law | |
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The Judiciary�s Contribution to the Rule of Law | |
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The Judiciary and Other Government Institutions: Power and Independence | |
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The Judiciary and the People: Access and Efficiency | |
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Comparing Countries: Courts Versus Politicians in Guatemala and Colombia | |
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The Judicialization of Politics in Contemporary Latin America | |
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Motives and Opportunities to Judicialize Politics | |
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International Actors and the Judicialization of Politics | |
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The Judicialization of Politics at the Local Level | |
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Country in the Spotlight: The Judicial Branch in Mexico: Seeking Reform | |
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Conclusion | |
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Electoral Systems: The Core of Democratic Politics | |
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Voting | |
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The Electoral System | |
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Electoral Formula | |
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Majoritarian Systems | |
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Proportional Representation | |
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Hybrid Systems | |
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District Magnitude | |
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Electoral Thresholds | |
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Ballot Structure | |
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Districting and Apportionment | |
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Institutional Distinction: An Ordinal Ballot in a Majoritarian Election: Chile's Binomial System | |
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The Electoral System and Political Change | |
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Presidential Elections in Latin America | |
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Comparing Countries: Direct Democracy in Latin America | |
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The Management and Observation of Elections | |
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Country in the Spotlight: The Electoral System in Bolivia | |
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Conclusion | |
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From Civil Society to Political Parties: Putting Democracy into Practice | |
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Civil Society and Democracy | |
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Parties as Political Institutions | |
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Parties as Regime Institutions | |
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Comparing Countries: The Rules for Party Funding in Latin America | |
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Parties as Social Institutions | |
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How Parties and Civil Society Must Work Together in Democratic Latin America | |
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From the Party to the Party System | |
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Party System Fragmentation | |
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Party System Institutionalization | |
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Party System Polarization | |
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The Interaction of Fragmentation, Institutionalization, and Polarization | |
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Country in the Spotlight: Venezuela: Changes in Parties, Changes in Politics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Federalism and Unitarism: Learning to Share | |
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Federalism and Unitarism, and the Range of Centralization | |
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The Division of Power in a Federal System | |
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The Balance of Centralization and Decentralization | |
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Comparing Countries: Centralization in Federal Venezuela and Decentralization in Unitary Peru | |
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The Origins of Governmental Relations in Latin America | |
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Federalism and the Protection of Regional Caudillos | |
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Contemporary Moves to Recognize Indigenous Territories | |
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Federal and Unitary Design in Contemporary Latin America | |
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Institutions That Complement Federalism: Bicameralism, Strong Judiciary, Rigid Constitutions | |
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The Contemporary Effort to Decentralize | |
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Variations in Federal Institutions | |
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Dealing with Differences | |
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Offsetting Regional Power Differences | |
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Country in the Spotlight: Federalism In Brazil | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Armed Forces: Bridging the Civil-Military Divide | |
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The Armed Forces in Contemporary Latin America: Global Comparisons | |
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Military Expenditures | |
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Military Spending and Development | |
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Regional Distinctions | |
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The Military Perspective of Latin American History | |
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Comparing Countries: Justice and the "Dirty Wars" in Argentina and Brazil | |
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Civil-Military Relations | |
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Civil-Military Relations Under Democracy | |
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Civilian Supremacy or Political Management? | |
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New Security Norms Under Democracy | |
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Institutional Checks and Balances Under Democracy | |
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The Legislature | |
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The Courts | |
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The Executive | |
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Civil-Military Relations and New Challenges | |
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Country in the Spotlight: The Armed Forces of El Salvador | |
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Conclusion | |