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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modernization and Chinese Civilization | |
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| Theories of Analysis of Chinese Politics | |
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| Theoretical Analysis in the Early Years of the PRC | |
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| Theories Engendered by the Cultural Revolution | |
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| Post-Mao Theories of Analysis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Chinese Tradition | |
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| Basic Characteristics | |
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| The Governmental Structure of Traditional China | |
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| The Examination System | |
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| Literature and Art | |
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| The Role of Law in Traditional China | |
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| The Military | |
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| The Barbarian Problem | |
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| Interpretations of Chinese History | |
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| Implications for Industrialization | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for further Reading | |
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| Reformers, Warlords, and Communists | |
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| The New Invasion | |
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| The Self-Strengthening Movement | |
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| Reform and Revolution | |
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| The Reformers | |
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| The Reactionaries | |
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| The Revolutionaries | |
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| The Kuomintang | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Communist Road to Power | |
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| The Early Years: 1919-1923 | |
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| The Period of Soviet Control: 1923-1931 | |
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| The Jiangxi Soviet: 1931-1934 | |
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| The Long March: 1934-1935 | |
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| The Xi' An Incident: 1936 | |
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| The Second United Front: 1936-1941 | |
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| Civil War and Victory: 1941-1949 | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| PRC Politics under Mao: 1949-1976 | |
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| Consolidation of Power: 1949-1955 | |
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| Establishing the Organs of Power | |
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| The Hundred Flowers Period: 1956-1957 | |
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| The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1958-1961 | |
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| The Socialist Education Movement: 1962-1966 | |
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| The Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 | |
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| The Years of Upheaval: 1966-1969 | |
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| Reconstruction: 1970-1976 | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| PRC Politics in the Post-Mao Era: 1976-2010 | |
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| Interregnum: 1976-1978 | |
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| Deng Ascendant | |
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| The Legacy of Mao | |
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| Political Realignment and Policy Readjustment | |
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| The Tiananmen Demonstrations, 1989 | |
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| The �Third Generation�: China under Jiang Zemin | |
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| The Three Represents | |
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| Civic Organizations | |
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| Changing Central-Local Relationships | |
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| The �Fourth Generation� in Power | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Politics of the Economy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Early Years: 1949-1950 | |
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| The Socialist Transformation of Agriculture: 1949-1978 | |
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| Industrial Policy in the Maoist Era | |
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| Maoist Economic Policies Assessed | |
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| Economic Policy under Deng Xiaoping | |
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| Agricultural Reforms | |
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| The Private Sector | |
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| More Responsibility for State Enterprises | |
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| Reforming the Price System | |
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| Reforming the Reforms | |
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| New Problems for Deng's Successors | |
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| Future Concerns | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Crime and Punishment: The Legal System of the PRC | |
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| Less than Peaceful Coexistence of the Societal and Jural Models: 1949-1953 | |
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| The Jural Model in Ascendance: 1954-1957 | |
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| Resurgence of the Societal Model: 1957-1965 | |
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| The Societal Model Rampant: 1966-1976 | |
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| Law and Justice in the Post-Mao Era: Return to the Jural Model | |
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| The New Legal System | |
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| Legal Developments | |
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| The Trial Process | |
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| Mediation | |
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| Petitions | |
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| The Penal System | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| The Role of the Military | |
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| Party and Army | |
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| Assessing the Maoist Model | |
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| The Influence of the Korean War on the PLA | |
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| The Revolt against Professionalism | |
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| Professionalism Returns | |
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| The Effect of the June Fourth Incident on the PLA | |
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| The Military under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Education | |
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| Devising a System | |
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| The Drive for Egalitarianism and Return to Expertise | |
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| Redness Revisited: The Cultural Revolution | |
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| Egalitarians versus Experts: The Search for a Synthesis | |
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| The Search for Academic Excellence | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Quality-of-Life Issues: Health, Demography, and the Environment | |
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| Health | |
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| Demography | |
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| The Environment | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Conformity and Dissent: The Arts, the Media, and Social Control | |
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| Artist and Society in China | |
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| The Party, Art, and Social Protest | |
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| Post-1949 Control Mechanisms | |
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| Repression and Reaction | |
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| Culture and the Cultural Revolution | |
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| The Arts under Deng Xiaoping | |
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| Restrained Dissent | |
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| Protest Gains Momentum | |
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| Experimenting with Capitalism in the Arts | |
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| The Campaign Against Spiritual Pollution | |
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| Looming Confrontation | |
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| The Tiananmen Demonstrations and Their Aftermath | |
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| Expression, Repression, and Social Control | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Ethnic Minorities and National Integration | |
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| China's Minority Peoples | |
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| Ethnicity in Communist Ideology | |
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| Minorities Policy in Practice | |
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| The Early Years: 1949-1957 | |
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| The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1959-1965 | |
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| The Cultural Revolution: 1966-1971 | |
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| Return to Pluralism: 1971-1977 | |
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| Post-Mao Minorities Policy | |
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| Reform Produces Problems | |
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| External Factors | |
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| Repression Increases | |
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| Genuine Autonomy as a Possible Solution | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Determinants | |
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| Tradition | |
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| Ideology | |
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| Capabilities | |
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| Goals | |
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| The Formulation of Foreign Policy | |
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| Chinese Foreign Relations: An Overview | |
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| The �Lean to One Side� Policy: 1949-1954 | |
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| The Bandung Spirit: 1954-1957 | |
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| Resurgent Nationalism and Isolation: 1957-1969 | |
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| Global Power Politics: 1969-Present | |
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| Triangular Politics: 1969-1989 | |
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| Counterbalancing the Sole Superpower: 1989-Present | |
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| Post-9/11 Developments | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Useful Websites | |
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| Index | |