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| Introduction | |
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| Logging In | |
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| Files and Directories | |
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| Input and Output | |
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| Programs and Processes | |
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| ANSI C Features | |
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| Error Handling | |
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| User Identification | |
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| Signals | |
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| Unix Time Values | |
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| System Calls and Library Functions | |
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| Unix Standardization and Implementations | |
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| Unix Standardization | |
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| ANSI C. IEEE POSIX. X/Open XPG3 | |
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| FIPS. Unix Implementations | |
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| System V Release 4 4.3+BSD | |
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| Relationship of Standards and Implementations | |
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| Limits | |
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| ANSI C Limits | |
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| POSIX Limits | |
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| XPG3 Limits. sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions | |
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| FIPS 151-1 Requirements | |
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| Summary of Limits | |
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| Indeterminate Run-Time Limits | |
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| Feature Test Macros | |
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| Primitive System Data Types | |
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| Conflicts Between Standards | |
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| File I/O | |
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| File Descriptors. open Function. creat Function. close Function. lseek Function. read Function. write Function | |
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| I/O Efficiency | |
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| File Sharing | |
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| Atomic Operations. dup and dup2 Functions. fcntl Function. ioctl Function. /dev/fd | |
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| Files and Directories | |
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| stat, fstat, and lstat Functions | |
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| File Types | |
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| Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID. File Access Permissions | |
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| Ownership of New Files and Directories. access Function. umask Function. chmod and fchmod Functions | |
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| Sticky Bit. chown, fchown, and lchown Functions | |
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| File Size | |
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| File Truncation | |
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| Filesystems. link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions | |
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| Symbolic Links. symlink and readlink Functions | |
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| File Times. utime Function. mkdir and rmdir Functions | |
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| Reading Directories. chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions | |
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| Special Device Files. sync and fsync Functions | |
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| Summary of File Access Permission Bits | |
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| Standard I/O Library | |
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| Streams and FILE Objects | |
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| Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error | |
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| Buffering | |
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| Opening a Stream | |
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| Reading and Writing a Stream | |
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| Line-at-a-Time I/O. Standard I/O Efficiency | |
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| Binary I/O. Positioning a Stream | |
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| Formatted I/O. Implementation Details | |
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| Temporary Files | |
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| Alternatives to Standard I/O | |
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| System Data Files and Information | |
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| Password File | |
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| Shadow Passwords | |
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| Group File | |
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| Supplementary Group IDs | |
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| Other Data Files | |
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| Login Accounting | |
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| System Identification | |
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| Time and Date Routines | |
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| The Environment of a Unix Process | |
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| main Function | |
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| Process Termination | |
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| Command-Line Arguments | |
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| Environment List | |
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| Memory Layout of a C Program | |
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| Shared Libraries | |
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| Memory Allocation | |
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| Environment Variables. setjmp and longjmp Functions. getrlimit and setrlimit Functions | |
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| Process Control | |
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| Process Identifiers. fork Function. vfork Function. exit Functions. wait and waitpid Functions. wait3 and wait4 Functions | |
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| Race Conditions. exec Functions | |
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| Changing User IDs and Group IDs | |
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| Interpreter Files. system Function | |
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| Process Accounting | |
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| User Identification | |
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| Process Times | |
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| Process Relationships | |
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| Terminal Logins | |
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| Network Logins | |
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| Process Groups | |
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| Sessions | |
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| Controlling Terminal. tcgetpgrp and tcsetpgrp Functions | |
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| Job Control | |
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| Shell Execution of Programs | |
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| Orphaned Process Groups 4.3+BSD Implementation | |
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| Signals | |
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| Signal Concepts. signal Function | |
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| Unreliable Signals | |
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| Interrupted System Calls | |
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| Reentrant Functions | |
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| SIGCLD Semantics | |
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| Reliable Signal Terminology an | |