| |
| |
List of Boxes | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
New to This Edition | |
| |
| |
Pedagogical Aids | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Focus and Development | |
| |
| |
| |
The Urban World | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Process of Urbanization | |
| |
| |
Urban Growth | |
| |
| |
Megacities | |
| |
| |
The Urban Explosion | |
| |
| |
Defining Urban Areas | |
| |
| |
Urbanization and Urbanism | |
| |
| |
Urbanization | |
| |
| |
Urbanism | |
| |
| |
Organizing the Study of Urban Life | |
| |
| |
Concepts of the City | |
| |
| |
Urban Change and Confusion | |
| |
| |
Rural Simplicity versus Urban Complexity | |
| |
| |
Early Social Theories and Urban Change | |
| |
| |
European Theorists | |
| |
| |
The Chicago School | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Emergence of Cities | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Ecological Complex | |
| |
| |
Political Economy Models | |
| |
| |
First Settlements | |
| |
| |
Agricultural Revolution | |
| |
| |
Population Expansion | |
| |
| |
Mesoamerica | |
| |
| |
Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology | |
| |
| |
City Populations | |
| |
| |
Evolution in Social Organization | |
| |
| |
Division of Labor | |
| |
| |
Kingship and Social Class | |
| |
| |
Technological and Social Evolution | |
| |
| |
Urban Revolution | |
| |
| |
Survival of the City | |
| |
| |
The Hellenic City | |
| |
| |
Social Invention | |
| |
| |
Physical Design and Planning | |
| |
| |
Population | |
| |
| |
Diffusion of People and Ideas | |
| |
| |
Rome | |
| |
| |
Size and Number of Cities | |
| |
| |
Housing and Planning | |
| |
| |
Transportation | |
| |
| |
Life and Leisure | |
| |
| |
European Urbanization until the Industrial City | |
| |
| |
The Medieval Feudal System | |
| |
| |
Town Revival | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Towns | |
| |
| |
Plague | |
| |
| |
Renaissance Cities | |
| |
| |
Industrial Cities | |
| |
| |
Technological Improvements and the Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
The Second Urban Revolution | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
American Urbanization | |
| |
| |
| |
The Rise of Urban America | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Colonists as Town Builders | |
| |
| |
Major Settlements | |
| |
| |
New England | |
| |
| |
The Middle Colonies | |
| |
| |
The South | |
| |
| |
Canada | |
| |
| |
Colonial Urban Influence | |
| |
| |
Cities of the New Nation 1790-1860 | |
| |
| |
Rapid Growth | |
| |
| |
Marketplace Centers | |
| |
| |
The Industrial City: 1860-1950 | |
| |
| |
Technological Developments | |
| |
| |
Spatial Concentration | |
| |
| |
Twentieth-Century Dispersion | |
| |
| |
Political Life | |
| |
| |
Corruption and Urban Services | |
| |
| |
Political Bosses | |
| |
| |
Immigrants' Problems | |
| |
| |
Reform Movements | |
| |
| |
Urban Imagery | |
| |
| |
Ambivalence | |
| |
| |
Myth of Rural Virtue | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecology and Political Economy Perspectives | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Development of Urban Ecology | |
| |
| |
Invasion and Succession | |
| |
| |
Criticisms of Ecology | |
| |
| |
Role of Culture | |
| |
| |
Burgess's Growth Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
Concentric Zones | |
| |
| |
Limitations | |
| |
| |
Sector and Multiple-Nuclei Models | |
| |
| |
Urban Growth Outside North America | |
| |
| |
The Postmodern City: The Los Angeles School | |
| |
| |
Political Economy Models | |
| |
| |
Political Economy Assumptions | |
| |
| |
Examples of the Political Economy Approach | |
| |
| |
The Baltimore Study | |
| |
| |
Urban Growth Machines | |
| |
| |
World Systems Theory and Globalization | |
| |
| |
Challenges | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Metro and Edge City Growth | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Metropolitan Growth | |
| |
| |
In-Movement 1900 to 1950 | |
| |
| |
Out-Movement 1950 into the 21st Century | |
| |
| |
Commuting and Communication | |
| |
| |
Canadian Urban Regions | |
| |
| |
Postindustrial Central Cities | |
| |
| |
Edge Cities | |
| |
| |
Edgeless and Private Edge Cities | |
| |
| |
Boomburgs | |
| |
| |
Suburban Business Growth | |
| |
| |
Malling of the Land | |
| |
| |
Malls and "Street Safety" | |
| |
| |
Nonmetropolitan Growth | |
| |
| |
Diffuse Growth | |
| |
| |
National Society | |
| |
| |
The Rise of the Sunbelt | |
| |
| |
Population and Economic Shifts | |
| |
| |
Regional Consequences | |
| |
| |
Sunbelt Problems | |
| |
| |
Movement to the Coasts | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Suburban Era | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Suburban Dominance | |
| |
| |
Emergence of Suburbs | |
| |
| |
The 19th Century | |
| |
| |
Electric Streetcar Era: 1890-1920 | |
| |
| |
Annexation | |
| |
| |
Automobile Suburbs: 1920-1950 | |
| |
| |
Mass Suburbanization: 1950-1990 | |
| |
| |
Metro Sprawl: 1990-2010 | |
| |
| |
Causes of Suburban Growth | |
| |
| |
Postwar Exodus | |
| |
| |
Non-Reasons | |
| |
| |
Contemporary Suburbia | |
| |
| |
Categories of Suburbs | |
| |
| |
Persistence of Characteristics? | |
| |
| |
Ethnic and Religious Variation | |
| |
| |
High-Income Suburbs | |
| |
| |
Gated Communities | |
| |
| |
Common-Interest Developments | |
| |
| |
Working-Class Suburbs | |
| |
| |
Commercial Definitions | |
| |
| |
Exurbs | |
| |
| |
Rurban Areas | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Suburbanites | |
| |
| |
Suburban Poverty | |
| |
| |
The Myth of Suburbia | |
| |
| |
Minority Suburbanization | |
| |
| |
Suburban Diversity | |
| |
| |
Black Flight | |
| |
| |
Integration or Resegregation? | |
| |
| |
Latino Suburbanization | |
| |
| |
Asian Suburbanites | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Metropolitan Life | |
| |
| |
| |
Urban Culture and Lifestyles | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Social Psychology of Urban Life | |
| |
| |
Early Formulations | |
| |
| |
The Chicago School | |
| |
| |
"Urbanism as a Way of Life" | |
| |
| |
Reevaluation of Urbanism and Social Disorganization | |
| |
| |
Determinist Theory | |
| |
| |
Compositional Theory | |
| |
| |
Subcultural Theory | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Urban Populations | |
| |
| |
Age | |
| |
| |
Gender | |
| |
| |
Race, Ethnicity, and Religion | |
| |
| |
Socioeconomic Status | |
| |
| |
Urban Lifestyles | |
| |
| |
Cosmopolites | |
| |
| |
Unmarried or Childless | |
| |
| |
Gay Households | |
| |
| |
Ethnic Villagers | |
| |
| |
Neighborhood Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Deprived or Trapped | |
| |
| |
A Final Note of Caution | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Social Environment of Metro Areas: Strangers, Crowding, Homelessness, and Crime | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Strangers | |
| |
| |
Codes of Urban Behavior | |
| |
| |
Neighboring | |
| |
| |
Neighbors and Just Neighbors | |
| |
| |
Defining Community | |
| |
| |
Categories of Local Communities | |
| |
| |
Density and Crowding | |
| |
| |
Crowding Research | |
| |
| |
Practical Implications | |
| |
| |
Homelessness | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of the Homeless | |
| |
| |
Social Problems | |
| |
| |
Disappearing SRO Housing | |
| |
| |
Urban Crime | |
| |
| |
Crime and Perceptions of Crime | |
| |
| |
Broken Windows Theory | |
| |
| |
Crime and City Size | |
| |
| |
Crime and Male Youth | |
| |
| |
Crime and Race | |
| |
| |
Crime Variations within Cities | |
| |
| |
Crime in the Suburbs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Diversity: Women, Ethnics, and African Americans | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Women in Metropolitan Life | |
| |
| |
Female Domesticity | |
| |
| |
Gendered Organization of Residential Space | |
| |
| |
Feminist Housing Preferences | |
| |
| |
Cohousing and Downsizing | |
| |
| |
Current Housing Choices | |
| |
| |
Gendered Public Spaces | |
| |
| |
Workplace Changes | |
| |
| |
White Ethnic Groups | |
| |
| |
Immigration | |
| |
| |
First-Wave Immigrants | |
| |
| |
Second-Wave Immigrants | |
| |
| |
Third-Wave Immigrants | |
| |
| |
"Racial Inferiority" and Immigration | |
| |
| |
African Americans | |
| |
| |
Historical Patterns | |
| |
| |
Population Changes | |
| |
| |
Slavery in Cities | |
| |
| |
"Free Persons of Color" | |
| |
| |
Jim Crow Laws | |
| |
| |
"The Great Migration" | |
| |
| |
Moving South | |
| |
| |
Urban Segregation Patterns | |
| |
| |
Extent of Segregation | |
| |
| |
Housing Discrimination | |
| |
| |
21st-Century Diversity | |
| |
| |
The Economically Successful | |
| |
| |
The Disadvantaged | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Diversity: Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Fourth-Wave Immigrants | |
| |
| |
Recent Immigration Impact on Cities | |
| |
| |
Melting Pot or Cultural Pluralism | |
| |
| |
Latino Population | |
| |
| |
Legal Status | |
| |
| |
Growth | |
| |
| |
Diversity | |
| |
| |
Mexican Americans | |
| |
| |
Mexican Diversity | |
| |
| |
Education | |
| |
| |
Urbanization | |
| |
| |
Housing and Other Patterns | |
| |
| |
Political Involvement | |
| |
| |
Puerto Ricans | |
| |
| |
Asian Americans | |
| |
| |
A "Model Minority"? | |
| |
| |
Asian Residential Segregation | |
| |
| |
The Case of Japanese Americans | |
| |
| |
The Internment Camps | |
| |
| |
Japanese Americans Today | |
| |
| |
Native Americans | |
| |
| |
Nonurban Orientation | |
| |
| |
Movement to Cities | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Metro Issues, Housing, Sprawl, and Planning | |
| |
| |
| |
Cities and Change | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Urban Crisis: Thesis | |
| |
| |
Urban Revival: Antithesis | |
| |
| |
A Political Economy Look at the Urban Crisis | |
| |
| |
21st-century City Developments | |
| |
| |
New Patterns | |
| |
| |
Central Business Districts | |
| |
| |
Mismatch Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
Downtown Housing | |
| |
| |
Fiscal Health | |
| |
| |
Crumbling Infrastructure | |
| |
| |
Neighborhood Revival | |
| |
| |
Gentrification | |
| |
| |
Government and Revitalization | |
| |
| |
Who Is Gentrifying? | |
| |
| |
Why Is Gentrification Taking Place? | |
| |
| |
Displacement of the Poor | |
| |
| |
Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods | |
| |
| |
Successful Working-Class Revival | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Housing Policies, Sprawl, and Smart Growth | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Housing in the 21st Century | |
| |
| |
Mobility | |
| |
| |
Housing Costs | |
| |
| |
Changing Households | |
| |
| |
Changing Federal Role | |
| |
| |
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Programs | |
| |
| |
Subsidizing Segregation | |
| |
| |
Upper- and Middle-Class Housing Subsidies | |
| |
| |
Urban Redevelopment Policies | |
| |
| |
Critique of Urban Renewal | |
| |
| |
Phasing Out Public Housing | |
| |
| |
Urban Homesteading | |
| |
| |
Rent Vouchers: Section 8 | |
| |
| |
HOPE VI Projects | |
| |
| |
Tax Credits | |
| |
| |
Designing for Safety | |
| |
| |
Growth Control | |
| |
| |
Suburban Sprawl | |
| |
| |
Auto-Driven Sprawl | |
| |
| |
Amount of Sprawl | |
| |
| |
Costs and Consequences | |
| |
| |
Smart Growth | |
| |
| |
Advantages | |
| |
| |
Legislation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Planning, New Towns, and New Urbanism | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Ancient Greece and Rome | |
| |
| |
Renaissance and Later Developments | |
| |
| |
American Planning | |
| |
| |
Washington, D.C. | |
| |
| |
19th-Century Towns | |
| |
| |
Early Planned Communities | |
| |
| |
Parks | |
| |
| |
The City Beautiful Movement | |
| |
| |
Tenement Reform | |
| |
| |
20th-century Patterns | |
| |
| |
The City Efficient | |
| |
| |
Zoning and Beyond | |
| |
| |
Master Plans to Equity Planning | |
| |
| |
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design | |
| |
| |
European Planning | |
| |
| |
Planning and Control of Land | |
| |
| |
Housing Priorities | |
| |
| |
Transportation | |
| |
| |
Urban Growth Policies | |
| |
| |
The Dutch Approach | |
| |
| |
New Towns | |
| |
| |
British New Towns | |
| |
| |
New Towns in Europe | |
| |
| |
American New Towns | |
| |
| |
Public-Built New Towns | |
| |
| |
Federal Support for New Towns | |
| |
| |
Private New Towns: Reston, Columbia, and Irving | |
| |
| |
Research Parks | |
| |
| |
New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Developments | |
| |
| |
Celebration | |
| |
| |
Creating Community | |
| |
| |
Limitations | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Worldwide Urbanization | |
| |
| |
| |
Developing Countries | |
| |
| |
Introduction: The Urban Explosion | |
| |
| |
Megacities | |
| |
| |
Plan of Organization | |
| |
| |
Common or Divergent Paths? | |
| |
| |
Developing-Country Increases | |
| |
| |
Rich Countries and Poor Countries | |
| |
| |
Global Cities | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Third World Cities | |
| |
| |
Youthful Age Structure | |
| |
| |
Multinationals | |
| |
| |
The Informal Economy | |
| |
| |
Squatter Settlements | |
| |
| |
Primate Cities | |
| |
| |
Overurbanization? | |
| |
| |
The 21st Century | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Asian Urban Patterns | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Asian Cities | |
| |
| |
Indigenous Cities | |
| |
| |
Colonial Background Cities | |
| |
| |
India | |
| |
| |
Mumbai (Bombay) | |
| |
| |
Kolkata (Calcutta) | |
| |
| |
Prognosis | |
| |
| |
China | |
| |
| |
Treaty Ports | |
| |
| |
Urbanization Policies | |
| |
| |
Forced Movement from Cities | |
| |
| |
Rural to Urban Migration | |
| |
| |
Economic Boom | |
| |
| |
Shanghai | |
| |
| |
Beijing | |
| |
| |
Hong Kong | |
| |
| |
Japan | |
| |
| |
Extent of Urbanization | |
| |
| |
Current Patterns | |
| |
| |
Tokyo | |
| |
| |
Planning | |
| |
| |
Planned New Towns | |
| |
| |
Suburbanization | |
| |
| |
Southeast Asia | |
| |
| |
General Patterns | |
| |
| |
Singapore | |
| |
| |
Other Cities | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
African and Latin American Urbanization | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Africa | |
| |
| |
Challenges | |
| |
| |
Responses | |
| |
| |
Regional Variations | |
| |
| |
Urban Development | |
| |
| |
Early Cities | |
| |
| |
Colonial Period | |
| |
| |
Indigenous African Cities | |
| |
| |
Contemporary Patterns | |
| |
| |
Social Composition of African Cities | |
| |
| |
Ethnic and Tribal Bonds | |
| |
| |
Status of Women | |
| |
| |
Differences from the Western Pattern | |
| |
| |
Latin America: An Urban Continent | |
| |
| |
Spanish Colonial Cities | |
| |
| |
Colonial Organization | |
| |
| |
Physical Structure | |
| |
| |
Recent Developments | |
| |
| |
Urban Growth | |
| |
| |
Economic Change | |
| |
| |
Urban Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Crime | |
| |
| |
Shantytowns | |
| |
| |
Future of Settlements | |
| |
| |
Maquiladoras | |
| |
| |
Myth of Marginality | |
| |
| |
A Success Story | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion: Toward the Urban Future | |
| |
| |
Recapitulation | |
| |
| |
Urban Concentration | |
| |
| |
Deconcentration | |
| |
| |
Issues and Challenges | |
| |
| |
Urban Funding | |
| |
| |
People versus Places | |
| |
| |
Changing Metropolitan Population | |
| |
| |
Suburban Development | |
| |
| |
Social Planning Approaches | |
| |
| |
Three Approaches to Social Planning | |
| |
| |
Social Planning and Technology | |
| |
| |
Planning for the Future City | |
| |
| |
Planned Utopias | |
| |
| |
Las Vegas | |
| |
| |
Quality-of-Life Planning | |
| |
| |
Smart Cities | |
| |
| |
Planning Metropolitan Political Systems | |
| |
| |
A Working City | |
| |
| |
Toward a Metropolitan Future | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions | |
| |
| |
Name Index | |
| |
| |
Subject Index | |
| |
| |
About the Author | |