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| Preface | |
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| Light | |
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| The Nature of Light | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Phase | |
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| The Perception of Color | |
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| Interaction of Light and Matter | |
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| Transmitted Light | |
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| Velocity | |
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| Index of Refraction | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection | |
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| Optical Class | |
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| Optical Indicatrix | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Light Absorption and Color | |
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| Polarized Light | |
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| Polarization by Double Refraction | |
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| Polarization by Reflection | |
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| Polarization by Scattering | |
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| The Petrographic Microscope | |
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| Direction Conventions | |
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| Samples | |
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| Illuminator | |
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| Substage Assembly | |
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| Microscope Stage | |
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| Objective Lenses | |
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| Epi-Illuminator | |
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| Upper Polarizer | |
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| Bertrand Lens | |
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| Ocular | |
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| Focusing Mechanism | |
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| Accessories | |
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| Additional Equipment | |
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| General Care of the Microscope | |
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| Adjustment of the Microscope | |
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| Adjusting the Oculars | |
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| Focusing | |
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| Adjusting the Illuminator | |
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| Centering the Objectives | |
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| Adjusting the Substage | |
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| Alignment of Polarizers | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Refractometry | |
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| Relief | |
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| Becke Line Method | |
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| Dispersion Effects | |
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| Oblique Illumination Method | |
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| Practical Considerations | |
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| Accuracy of the Immersion Method | |
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| Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section | |
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| Optics of Isotropic Materials | |
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| Isotropic Indicatrix | |
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| Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals | |
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| Identification of Isotropic Minerals | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Optics of Anisotropic Minerals: Introduction | |
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| Interference Phenomena | |
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| Monochromatic Illumination | |
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| Retardation | |
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| Birefringence | |
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| Interference of the Two Rays | |
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| Polychromatic Illumination | |
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| Orders of Interference Colors | |
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| Anomalous Interference Colors | |
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| Determining Thickness of a Sample | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Categories of Extinction | |
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| Use of the Accessory Plates | |
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| Sign of Elongation | |
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| Relief | |
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| Pleochroism | |
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| Uniaxial Optics | |
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| Optic Sign | |
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| Crystallographic Considerations | |
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| Uniaxial Indicatrix | |
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| Use of the Indicatrix | |
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| Birefringence and Interference Colors | |
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| Extincti�n | |
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| Tetragonal Minerals | |
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| Hexagonal Minerals | |
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| Rhombohedral Cleavage | |
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| Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage | |
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| Pleochroism | |
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| Interference Figure | |
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| Optic Axis Interference Figure | |
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| Formation of Isochromes | |
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| Formation of Isogyres | |
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| Determining Optic Sign | |
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| Off-Center Optic Axis Figure | |
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| Flash Figure | |
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| Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures | |
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| Optic Axis Figure | |
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| Flash Figure | |
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| Determining Indices of Refraction | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Determining n<sub>�</sub> | |
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| Determining n<sub>€</sub> | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Spindle Stage | |
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| Biaxial Optics | |
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| Biaxial Indicatrix | |
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| Mathematical Relationships | |
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| Use of the Indicatrix | |
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| Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis | |
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| Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis | |
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| Normal Incidence In a Random Direction | |
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| Inclined Incidence | |
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| Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes | |
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| Orthorhombic Minterals | |
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| Monoclininc Minerals | |
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| Triclinic Minerals | |
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| Biaxial Interference Figure | |
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| Acute Bisectrix Figure | |
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| Formation of Isochromes | |
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| Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres | |
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| Centered Optic Axis Figure | |
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| Obtuse Bisectrix Figure | |
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| Optic Normal Figure | |
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| Off-Center Figures | |
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| Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures | |
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| Determining Optic Sign | |
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| Acute Bisectrix Figure | |
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| Obtuse Bisectrix Figure | |
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| Optic Axis Figure | |
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| Flash Figures | |
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| Determining 2V | |
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| 2V Versus 2E | |
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| Mallard's Method | |
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| Tobi's Method | |
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| Kamb's Method | |
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| Wright Method | |
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| Pleochroism | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Orthorhombic Minerals | |
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| Monoclinic Minerals | |
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| Triclinic Minerals | |
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| Sign of Elongation | |
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| Indices of Refraction | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Spindle Stage | |
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| Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals | |
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| Orthorhombic Minerals | |
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| Monoclinic Minerals | |
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| Triclinic Minerals | |
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| Reflected Light Optics | |
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| Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections | |
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| Crystal Form and Habit | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Observation in Plane Polarized Light | |
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| Reflectance | |
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| Bireflectance | |
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| Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance | |
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| Color and Pleochroism | |
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| Isotropic Minerals | |
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| Anisotropic Minerals | |
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| Observations with Crossed Polarizers | |
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| Polarization Colors | |
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| Isotropic Minerals | |
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| Anisotropic Minerals | |
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| Internal Reflection | |
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| Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination | |
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| Practical Considerations | |
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| Identification of Minerals | |
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| Descriptive Features | |
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| Cleavage | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Alteration | |
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| Association | |
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| Tactics for Mineral Identification | |
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| Thin Section Identification | |
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| Grain Mount Identification | |
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| Polished Section Identification | |
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| Use of the Identification Tables | |
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| Nonminerals | |
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| Problems in Paradise | |
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| Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings | |
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| Poor Data | |
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| Framework Silicates | |
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| Silica Group | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Chalcedony | |
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| Tridymite | |
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| Cristobalite | |
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| Opal | |
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| Volcanic Glass | |
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| Feldspars | |
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| Plagioclase | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Alkali Feldspars | |
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| Sanidine | |
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| Orthodase | |
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| Microdine | |
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| Adularia | |
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| Anorthoclase | |
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| Feldspathoids | |
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| Nepheline | |
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| Sodalite Group | |
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| Leucite | |
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| Cancrinite-Vishnevite | |
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| Zeolites | |
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| Analcime (Analcite) | |
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| Natrolite | |
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| Thomsonite | |
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| Stilbite | |
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| Chabazite | |
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| Heulandite | |
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| Laumontite | |
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| Other Framework Silicates | |
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| Scapolite | |
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| Sheet Silicates | |
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| TO Layer Silicates | |
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| Kaolinite | |
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| Serpentine | |
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| TOT Layer Silicates | |
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| Pyrophyllite | |
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| Talc | |
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| TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates | |
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| Muscovite | |
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| Biotite | |
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| Lepidolite | |
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| Glauconite | |
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| Margarite | |
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| Clintonite | |
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| TOT + O Layer Silicates | |
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| Chlorite | |
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| Clay Minerals | |
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| Other Sheet Silicates | |
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| Stilpnomelane | |
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| Prehnite | |
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| Apophyllite | |
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| Chain Silicates | |
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| Pyroxenes | |
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| Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene) | |
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| Pigeonite | |
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| Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite) | |
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| Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite | |
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| Omphacite | |
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| Jadeite | |
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| Spodumene | |
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| Amphiboles | |
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| Anthophyllite | |
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| Gedrite | |
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| Cummingtonite-Grunerite | |
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| Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-actinolite | |
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| Hornblende | |
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| "Oxyhornblende" | |
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| Kaersutite | |
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| Richterite | |
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| Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite | |
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| Glaucophane-Riebedtite Series | |
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| Pyroxenoids | |
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| Wollastonite | |
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| Rhodonite | |
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| Pectolite | |
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| Other Chain Silicates | |
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| Sapphirine | |
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| Disilicates and Ring Silicates | |
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| Disilicates | |
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| Lawsonite | |
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| Pumpellyite | |
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| Melilite | |
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| Vesuvianite (Idocrase) | |
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| Epidote Group | |
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| Zoisite | |
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| Clinozoisite-Epidote | |
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| Piemontite | |
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| Allanite | |
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| Ring Silicates | |
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| Tourmaline | |
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| Axinite | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Cordierite | |
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| Orthosilicates | |
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| Olivine | |
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| Monticellite | |
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| Hurnite Group | |
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| Garnet Group | |
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| Andalusite | |
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| Sillimanite | |
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| Kyanite | |
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| Staurolite | |
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| Chloritoid | |
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| Titanite (Sphene) | |
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| Topaz | |
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| Zircon | |
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| Dumortierite | |
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| Carbonates, Borates, Sulfates, and Phosphates | |
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| Carbonates | |
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| Calrite | |
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| Magnesite | |
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| Siderite | |
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| Rhodochrosite | |
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| Dolomite-Ankerite | |
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| Aragonite | |
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| Strontianite | |
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| Witherite | |
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| Malachite | |
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| Azurite | |
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| Borates | |
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| Borax | |
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| Colemanite | |
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| Sulfates | |
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| Barite | |
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| Celestine (Celestite) | |
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| Gypsum | |
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| Anhydrite | |
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| Alunite | |
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| Phosphates | |
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| Apatite | |
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| Monazite | |
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| Xenotime | |
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| Native Elements, Sulfides, Halides, Oxides, and Hydroxides | |
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| Native Elements | |
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| Sulfur | |
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| Graphite | |
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| Gold | |
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| Silver | |
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| Copper | |
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| Sulfides and Related Minerals | |
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| Pyrite | |
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| Marcasite | |
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| Sphalerite | |
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| Galena | |
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| Pyrrhotite | |
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| Chakopyrite | |
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| Halides | |
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| Halite | |
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| Sylvite | |
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| Fluorite | |
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| Oxides | |
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| Periclase | |
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| Cuprite | |
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| Rutile | |
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| Anatase | |
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| Cassiterite | |
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| Corundum | |
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| Hematite | |
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| Ilmenite | |
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| Perovskite | |
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| The Spinel Group | |
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| Spinel Series | |
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| Magnetite | |
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| Chromite | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| Hydroxides | |
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| Brucite | |
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| Gibbsite | |
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| Diaspore | |
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| B�hmite (Boehmite) | |
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| Goethite | |
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| Lepidocrocite | |
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| Limonite | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Grain Mount | |
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| Thin Section | |
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| Spindle Stage | |
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| Polished Section | |
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| Identification Tables | |
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| Mineral Associations | |
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| Mineral Index | |
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| Subject Index | |