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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Criminological Theory | |
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| What Is Theory? | |
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| Types of Criminological Theories | |
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| Theories of Making and Enforcing Criminal Law | |
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| Theories of Criminal and Deviant Behavior | |
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| Criteria for Evaluating Theory | |
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| Logical Consistency, Scope, and Parsimony | |
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| Testability | |
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| Empirical Validity | |
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| Usefulness and Policy Implications | |
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| Theory and Ideology | |
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| Emphasis on Empirical Validity and Application of Theories | |
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| Summary | |
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| Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories | |
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| Classical Criminology and the Deterrence Doctrine | |
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| Deterrence: Certainty, Severity, and Celerity of Punishment | |
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| Modern Deterrence Theory | |
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| Studies of Deterrence | |
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| Do Criminal Sanctions Deter? | |
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| Deterrence and Experiential Effects | |
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| Modifications and Expansions of Deterrence Concepts | |
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| Rational Choice Theory | |
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| Deterrence and Expected Utility | |
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| Research on Rational Choice Theory | |
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| Deterrence and Criminal Justice Policy | |
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| Scared Straight, Shock Incarceration, and Boot Camps | |
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| Routine Activities Theory | |
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| Felson and Cohen: Offenders, Targets, and Guardians | |
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| Empirical Validity of Routine Activities Theory | |
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| Routine Crime Prevention and Precautions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Biological and Biosocial Theories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lombroso and Early Biological Theories | |
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| Lombroso's Theory of the Born Criminal | |
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| The Criminal as Biologically Inferior | |
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| Recognizing the Inadequacies of Early Biological Theories | |
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| Modern Biological and Biosocial Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Interaction of Biological and Environmental Variables | |
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| Neurobiological Approaches to Crime | |
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| Genetically Transmitted Criminal Susceptibility: Behavioral and Molecula Genetics | |
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| Evolutionary Psychology and Criminality | |
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| Empirical Validity of Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior | |
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| Policy Implications of Biological Theories | |
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| Summary | |
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| Psychological Theories | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Personality Theory | |
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| Personality Traits | |
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| The Psychopathic Personality | |
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| The Five-Factor Model | |
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| Psychological Counseling in Delinquency Prevention and Treatment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sutherland's Differential Association Theory | |
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| Akers's Social Learning Theory | |
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| Development of the Theory | |
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| The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Learning Theory | |
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| The Social Learning Process: Sequence and Feedback Effects | |
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| Social Structure and Social Learning | |
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| Empirical Validity of Social Learning Theory | |
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| Research on Relationship of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior to Social Learning Variables | |
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| Research on Social Learning in the Family and Delinquency | |
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| Research on Peers and Group Contexts in Crime and Delinquency | |
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| Research on Social Structure and Social Learning | |
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| Applications of Social Learning Theory in Prevention and Treatment Programs | |
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| Highfields and Essexfield | |
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| The Pinehills Experiment | |
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| The Teaching Family Model | |
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| Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) | |
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| Andrews's Experiments and Model of Treatment and Prevention | |
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| Meta-Analyses of Cognitive-Behavioral Programs | |
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| Other Prevention Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Bonding and Control Theories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Control Theories | |
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| Reiss's and Nye's Theories of Internal and External Controls | |
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| Reckless's Containment Theory | |
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| Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization and Drift | |
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| Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory | |
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| The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Bonding Theory | |
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| Empirical Validity of Social Bonding Theory | |
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| Gottfredson and Hirschi: Self-Control Theory | |
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| Low Self-Control as the Cause of Criminal Behavior | |
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| What Is the Relationship Between Self-Control Theory and Social Bonding Theory? | |
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| Testability of Self-Control Theory | |
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| Research Indirectly and Directly Testing Self-Control Theory | |
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| Hirschi�s Social Bonding Modifications of Self-Control Theory | |
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| Policy Implications of Control Theories | |
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| Social Bonding Elements in the Social Development Model | |
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| Policy Implications of Self-Control Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Labeling and Reintegrative Shaming Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Labeling as a Process of Symbolic Social Interaction | |
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| The Label as an Independent Variable in Crime and Deviance | |
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| Empirical Evidence on Labeling Theory | |
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| Implications of Labeling Theory: Juvenile Diversion Programs | |
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| Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory | |
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| Reintegrative Shaming, Restorative Justice, and Faith-Based Programs | |
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| Applications of Restorative Justice | |
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| Theory and Philosophy of Restorative Justice: Reintegration and Rehabilitation | |
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| Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Programs | |
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| The Past and Future of Labeling Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Disorganization Theory: Social Structure, Communities, and Crime | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Statistical Studies of Crime | |
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| Social Disorganization and the Urban Ecology of Crime and Delinquency | |
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| Research on Social Structure and Crime Rates | |
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| Restatements and Research on Social Disorganization Theory | |
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| Community Projects and Policies Based on Theories of Social Disorganization | |
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| The Chicago Area Projects | |
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| Other Policy Implications of Social Disorganization Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Anomie and Strain Theories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classic Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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| Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie | |
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| Cohen: Status Deprivation and the Delinquent Subculture | |
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| Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity and Delinquent Subcultures | |
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| Miller: Focal Concerns of Lower Class Culture | |
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| Research on Classic Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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| Are Crime and Delinquency Concentrated Among Lower Class and Minority Individuals? | |
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| Gangs and Delinquent Subcultures | |
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| School Dropout and Delinquency | |
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| Perceived Discrepancy Between Aspirations and Expectations | |
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| Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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| Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional-Anomie Theory | |
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| Agnew's General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency | |
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| Programs Based on Anomie and Subcultural Theories | |
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| The Boston Mid-City Project | |
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| Mobilization for Youth | |
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| Policy Implications of Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conflict Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Law Is a Type of Social Control | |
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| Consensus and Functionalist Theories of Law | |
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| Conflict Theory of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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| Empirical Validity of Consensus and Conflict Theories of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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| Research on Legislation | |
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| Research on Public Opinion on Crime and Criminal Justice | |
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| Research on Social Threat | |
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| Research on Extralegal Variables in Criminal Justice Decision Making | |
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| Research on Racial Profiling | |
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| Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior | |
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| Empirical Validity of Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior | |
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| Policy Implications of Conflict Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Marxist Theories | |
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| Marxist Theory | |
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| Marxist Theory of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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| Instrumentalist and Structuralist Marxism | |
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| Empirical Adequacy of Marxist Theory of Law and Justice | |
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| Marxist Theory of Crime | |
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| Bonger: Early Marxist Theory of Crime | |
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| Quinney: Class, State, and Crime | |
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| Modifications of Marxist Theory | |
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| Is Crime the Result of a Capitalist Economy? | |
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| Policy Implications of Marxist Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Radical and Critical Theories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Henry and Milovanovic: Constitutive Criminology | |
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| Left Realism | |
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| Cultural Criminology | |
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| Peacemaking Criminology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Feminist Theories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice | |
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| Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice | |
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| Feminist Theories of Crime | |
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| Women's Liberation and Female Crime | |
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| Patriarchal Society and Crime | |
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| Masculinities and Structured Action | |
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| Gendered Pathways and Gendered Contexts | |
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| Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Behavior | |
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| Policy Implications of Feminist Theories | |
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| Summary | |
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| Integrating Criminological Theories | |
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| Theory Competition Versus Theory Integration | |
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| Varieties of Theoretical Integration in Criminology | |
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| Conceptual Integration | |
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| Akers: Integration by Conceptual Absorption | |
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| Cullen and Colvin: Social Support and Coercion | |
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| Propositional Integration | |
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| Elliott's Integrative Model of Strain, Bonding, and Learning | |
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| Krohn�s Network Analysis | |
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| Thornberry's Interactional Theory | |
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| Tittle's Control Balance Theory | |
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| Life-Course Criminology | |
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| How Successful Has Theoretical Integration Been in Criminology? | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |