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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction to Criminological Theory | |
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What Is Theory? | |
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Types of Criminological Theories | |
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Theories of Making and Enforcing Criminal Law | |
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Theories of Criminal and Deviant Behavior | |
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Criteria for Evaluating Theory | |
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Logical Consistency, Scope, and Parsimony | |
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Testability | |
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Empirical Validity | |
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Usefulness and Policy Implications | |
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Theory and Ideology | |
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Emphasis on Empirical Validity and Application of Theories | |
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Summary | |
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Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories | |
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Classical Criminology and the Deterrence Doctrine | |
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Deterrence: Certainty, Severity, and Celerity of Punishment | |
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Modern Deterrence Theory | |
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Studies of Deterrence | |
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Do Criminal Sanctions Deter? | |
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Deterrence and Experiential Effects | |
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Modifications and Expansions of Deterrence Concepts | |
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Rational Choice Theory | |
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Deterrence and Expected Utility | |
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Research on Rational Choice Theory | |
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Deterrence and Criminal Justice Policy | |
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Scared Straight, Shock Incarceration, and Boot Camps | |
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Routine Activities Theory | |
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Felson and Cohen: Offenders, Targets, and Guardians | |
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Empirical Validity of Routine Activities Theory | |
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Routine Crime Prevention and Precautions | |
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Summary | |
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Biological and Biosocial Theories | |
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Introduction | |
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Lombroso and Early Biological Theories | |
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Lombroso's Theory of the Born Criminal | |
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The Criminal as Biologically Inferior | |
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Recognizing the Inadequacies of Early Biological Theories | |
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Modern Biological and Biosocial Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Interaction of Biological and Environmental Variables | |
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Neurobiological Approaches to Crime | |
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Genetically Transmitted Criminal Susceptibility: Behavioral and Molecula Genetics | |
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Evolutionary Psychology and Criminality | |
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Empirical Validity of Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior | |
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Policy Implications of Biological Theories | |
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Summary | |
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Psychological Theories | |
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Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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Personality Theory | |
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Personality Traits | |
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The Psychopathic Personality | |
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The Five-Factor Model | |
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Psychological Counseling in Delinquency Prevention and Treatment | |
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Summary | |
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Social Learning Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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Sutherland's Differential Association Theory | |
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Akers's Social Learning Theory | |
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Development of the Theory | |
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The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Learning Theory | |
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The Social Learning Process: Sequence and Feedback Effects | |
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Social Structure and Social Learning | |
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Empirical Validity of Social Learning Theory | |
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Research on Relationship of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior to Social Learning Variables | |
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Research on Social Learning in the Family and Delinquency | |
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Research on Peers and Group Contexts in Crime and Delinquency | |
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Research on Social Structure and Social Learning | |
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Applications of Social Learning Theory in Prevention and Treatment Programs | |
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Highfields and Essexfield | |
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The Pinehills Experiment | |
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The Teaching Family Model | |
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Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) | |
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Andrews's Experiments and Model of Treatment and Prevention | |
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Meta-Analyses of Cognitive-Behavioral Programs | |
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Other Prevention Programs | |
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Summary | |
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Social Bonding and Control Theories | |
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Introduction | |
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Early Control Theories | |
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Reiss's and Nye's Theories of Internal and External Controls | |
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Reckless's Containment Theory | |
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Sykes and Matza: Techniques of Neutralization and Drift | |
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Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory | |
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The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Bonding Theory | |
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Empirical Validity of Social Bonding Theory | |
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Gottfredson and Hirschi: Self-Control Theory | |
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Low Self-Control as the Cause of Criminal Behavior | |
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What Is the Relationship Between Self-Control Theory and Social Bonding Theory? | |
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Testability of Self-Control Theory | |
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Research Indirectly and Directly Testing Self-Control Theory | |
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Hirschi�s Social Bonding Modifications of Self-Control Theory | |
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Policy Implications of Control Theories | |
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Social Bonding Elements in the Social Development Model | |
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Policy Implications of Self-Control Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Labeling and Reintegrative Shaming Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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Labeling as a Process of Symbolic Social Interaction | |
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The Label as an Independent Variable in Crime and Deviance | |
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Empirical Evidence on Labeling Theory | |
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Implications of Labeling Theory: Juvenile Diversion Programs | |
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Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory | |
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Reintegrative Shaming, Restorative Justice, and Faith-Based Programs | |
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Applications of Restorative Justice | |
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Theory and Philosophy of Restorative Justice: Reintegration and Rehabilitation | |
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Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Programs | |
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The Past and Future of Labeling Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Social Disorganization Theory: Social Structure, Communities, and Crime | |
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Introduction | |
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Early Statistical Studies of Crime | |
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Social Disorganization and the Urban Ecology of Crime and Delinquency | |
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Research on Social Structure and Crime Rates | |
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Restatements and Research on Social Disorganization Theory | |
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Community Projects and Policies Based on Theories of Social Disorganization | |
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The Chicago Area Projects | |
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Other Policy Implications of Social Disorganization Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Anomie and Strain Theories | |
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Introduction | |
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Classic Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie | |
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Cohen: Status Deprivation and the Delinquent Subculture | |
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Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity and Delinquent Subcultures | |
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Miller: Focal Concerns of Lower Class Culture | |
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Research on Classic Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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Are Crime and Delinquency Concentrated Among Lower Class and Minority Individuals? | |
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Gangs and Delinquent Subcultures | |
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School Dropout and Delinquency | |
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Perceived Discrepancy Between Aspirations and Expectations | |
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Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional-Anomie Theory | |
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Agnew's General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency | |
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Programs Based on Anomie and Subcultural Theories | |
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The Boston Mid-City Project | |
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Mobilization for Youth | |
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Policy Implications of Contemporary Anomie/Strain Theories | |
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Summary | |
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Conflict Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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Law Is a Type of Social Control | |
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Consensus and Functionalist Theories of Law | |
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Conflict Theory of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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Empirical Validity of Consensus and Conflict Theories of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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Research on Legislation | |
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Research on Public Opinion on Crime and Criminal Justice | |
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Research on Social Threat | |
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Research on Extralegal Variables in Criminal Justice Decision Making | |
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Research on Racial Profiling | |
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Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior | |
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Empirical Validity of Conflict Theory of Criminal Behavior | |
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Policy Implications of Conflict Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Marxist Theories | |
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Marxist Theory | |
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Marxist Theory of Law and Criminal Justice | |
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Instrumentalist and Structuralist Marxism | |
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Empirical Adequacy of Marxist Theory of Law and Justice | |
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Marxist Theory of Crime | |
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Bonger: Early Marxist Theory of Crime | |
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Quinney: Class, State, and Crime | |
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Modifications of Marxist Theory | |
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Is Crime the Result of a Capitalist Economy? | |
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Policy Implications of Marxist Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Radical and Critical Theories | |
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Introduction | |
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Henry and Milovanovic: Constitutive Criminology | |
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Left Realism | |
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Cultural Criminology | |
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Peacemaking Criminology | |
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Summary | |
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Feminist Theories | |
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Introduction | |
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Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice | |
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Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Justice | |
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Feminist Theories of Crime | |
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Women's Liberation and Female Crime | |
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Patriarchal Society and Crime | |
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Masculinities and Structured Action | |
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Gendered Pathways and Gendered Contexts | |
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Empirical Validity of Feminist Theories of Criminal Behavior | |
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Policy Implications of Feminist Theories | |
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Summary | |
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Integrating Criminological Theories | |
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Theory Competition Versus Theory Integration | |
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Varieties of Theoretical Integration in Criminology | |
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Conceptual Integration | |
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Akers: Integration by Conceptual Absorption | |
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Cullen and Colvin: Social Support and Coercion | |
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Propositional Integration | |
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Elliott's Integrative Model of Strain, Bonding, and Learning | |
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Krohn�s Network Analysis | |
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Thornberry's Interactional Theory | |
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Tittle's Control Balance Theory | |
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Life-Course Criminology | |
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How Successful Has Theoretical Integration Been in Criminology? | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |