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| Minerals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Minerals | |
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| Mineraloids | |
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| Mineralogy | |
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| Mineral Nomenclature | |
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| General References on Mineralogy | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Crystallography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Translational Symmetry | |
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| Plane Lattices | |
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| Translational Symmetry: 3-DSpace Lattices and Unit Cell | |
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| Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems | |
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| Point Symmetry | |
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| Reflection | |
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| Rotation | |
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| Inversion | |
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| Compound Symmetry Operations | |
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| Symmetry Notation | |
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| 32 Point Groups | |
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| Steno's Law | |
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| Measurement of Crystal Angles | |
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| Determining Crystal System and Crystal Class | |
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| Space Groups | |
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| Crystal Faces | |
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| Laws of Hauy and Bravais | |
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| Miller Indices | |
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| Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System | |
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| Determining Miller Index | |
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| Assigning Miller Indexes by Inspection | |
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| Crystallographic Directions | |
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| Zones | |
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| Crystal Forms | |
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| Isometric Forms | |
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| Non-isometric Forms | |
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| Combining Crystal Forms | |
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| Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals | |
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| Positive and Negative Forms | |
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| Forms in the Six Crystal Systems | |
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| Triclinic Crystal System | |
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| Monoclinic Crystal System | |
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| Orthorhombic Crystal System | |
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| Tetragonal Crystal System | |
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| Hexagonal Crystal System | |
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| Isometric Crystal System | |
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| Crystal Habit | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Crystal Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Chemical Elements | |
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| Nucleus | |
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| Eclectrons | |
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| Formation of Ions | |
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| Abundance of the Elements | |
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| Chemical Bonding | |
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| Valence-related bonding | |
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| Relation among the Valence-dependent Bonds | |
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| Bonds Not Involving Valence Electrons | |
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| Size of Atoms and Ions | |
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| Oxidation State | |
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| Coordination | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Crystal Structure Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Controls of Crystal Structure | |
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| Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding | |
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| Structure Controls with Covalent Bonding | |
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| Structural Controls with Molecular Crystals | |
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| Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding | |
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| Application of Pauling's Rules | |
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| Illustrating Mineral Structures | |
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| Isostructural Minerals | |
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| Polymorphism | |
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| Reconstructive Polymorphism | |
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| Displacive Polymorphism | |
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| Order-Disorder Polymorphism | |
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| Polytypism | |
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| Mineral Classification | |
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| Compositional Variation in Minerals | |
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| Substitutional Solid Solution | |
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| Mineral Formulas | |
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| Graphical Representation | |
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| Binary diagrams | |
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| Ternary diagrams | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Mineral Growth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mineral Stabiley | |
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| Stability | |
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| Gibbs Free Energy | |
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| Mineral reactions | |
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| Mineral Nucleation | |
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| Homogeneous Nucleation | |
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| Heterogeneous Nucleation | |
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| Crystal Growth | |
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| Rate of Growth | |
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| Zoned Crystals | |
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| Structural Defects | |
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| Point Defects | |
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| Line Defects | |
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| Planar Defects | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Post-crystallization Processes | |
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| Ordering | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Recrystallization | |
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| Exsolution | |
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| Radioactivity and Minerals | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Mineral Properties of Minerals | |
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| Physical Properties of Minerals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mass Dependent Properties | |
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| Density | |
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| Specific Gravity | |
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| Properties Related to Mechanical Cohesion | |
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| Harness | |
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| Tenacity | |
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| Cleavage | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Parting | |
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| Color and Luster | |
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| Light | |
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| Perception of Color | |
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| Mineral Luster | |
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| Mineral Color | |
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| Color From Mechanical Causes | |
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| Consistency of Mineral Color | |
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| Streak | |
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| Luminescence | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Diamagnetism | |
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| Paramagnetism | |
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| Ferromagnetism | |
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| Ferrimagnetism | |
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| Electrical Properties | |
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| Electrical Conductivity | |
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| Piezoelectricity | |
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| Pyroelectricity | |
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| Miscellaneous Properties | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Optical Mineralogy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Light | |
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| Light Waves | |
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| Polarized Light | |
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| Interaction of Light and Matter | |
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| Optically Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Materials | |
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| Reflection and Refraction | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Petrographic Microscope | |
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| Illuminator | |
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| Substage Assembly | |
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| Microscope Stage | |
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| Objective Lenses | |
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| Upper Polarize | |
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| Bertrand Lens | |
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| Oculars | |
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| Focusing Mechanism | |
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| Accessories | |
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| Direction Conventions | |
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| Isotropic Materials | |
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| Anisotropic Minerals | |
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| Interference Phenomena | |
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| Use of the Interference Color Chart | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Function of Accessory Plates | |
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| Optical Indicatrix | |
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| Isotropic Indicatrix | |
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| Uniaxial Indicatrix | |
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| Biaxial Indicatrix | |
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| Mineral Color and Pleochroism | |
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| Isotropic Minerals | |
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| Uniaxial Minerals | |
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| Biaxial | |
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| Extinction Angle and Sign of Elongation | |
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| Extinction Angle | |
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| Sign of Elongation | |
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| Categories of Extinction | |
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| Extinction in Uniaxial Minerals | |
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| Interference Figures | |
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| Uniaxial Interference Figures | |
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| Biaxial Interference Figure | |
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| Refractometry: Measurement of Index of Refraction | |
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| Immersion Method | |
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| Refractometry in Thin Section | |
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| Isotropic Minerals | |
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| Uniaxial Minerals | |
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| Biaxial Minerals | |
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| Reflected-Light Optics | |
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| Observation in Plane Polarized Light | |
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| Observations with Crossed Polarizers | |
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| Tactics for Mineral Identification | |
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| Thin section identification | |
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| Grain Mount Identification | |
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| Polished section identification | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Introduction to X-ray Crystallography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| X-rays | |
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| X-ray Generation | |
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| X-ray Detection | |
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| X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Powder Method | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Instrumental Output | |
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| Data Reduction | |
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| Powder Diffraction File | |
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| Bragg Reflection Indices | |
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| Mineral Identification | |
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| Mixed Samples | |
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| Estimation of Relative Mineral Abundance | |
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| Estimation of Composition | |
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| Determining Unit Cell Parameters | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Chemical Analysis of Minerals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analytical Methods | |
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| Wet Chemical | |
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| Electron Probe Microanalysis | |
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| X-ray Fluorescence | |
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| Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses | |
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| Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Strategies for Study | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mineral Identification Tactics | |
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| Mineral Separation | |
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| Hand Sample Identification | |
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| Thin | |
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| Dentification | |
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| Grain Mount Identification | |
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| Polished | |
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| Dentification | |
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| X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Mineral Association | |
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| Problems in Paradise | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Index | |
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| Silicates | |
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| Silicates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Silicate Structure and Classification | |
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| Mafic vs. Felsic | |
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| Igneous Rocks | |
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| Magmatic Processes | |
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| Igneous Environments | |
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| Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Sedimentary Processes | |
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| Sedimentary Environments | |
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| Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Metamorphic Variables | |
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| Metamorphic Processes | |
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| Metamorphic Grade, Facies, Mineral Zone Boundaries and Isograds | |
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| Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Metamorphic Environments | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Framework Silicates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Silica Group | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Tridymite | |
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| Cristobalite | |
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| Feldspar Group | |
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| Composition | |
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| Structure | |
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| AI/Si Order/Disorder | |
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| Exsolution in the Feldspars | |
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| Other Feldspar Intergrowths | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Plagioclase | |
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| K-Feldspar | |
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| Feldspathoids | |
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| Nepheline | |
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| Leucite | |
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| Sodalite | |
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| Zeolite Group | |
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| Scapolite | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Sheet Silicates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure and Classification1:1 Layer Silicates | |
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| 2:1 Layer Silicates | |
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| Polytypism | |
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| TO Structures (1:1) | |
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| Serpentine (Antigorite, Chrysotile, Lizardite) | |
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| Kaolinite | |
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| TOT Structures | |
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| Talc | |
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| Pyrophyllite | |
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| TOT + c Structures: Mica Minerals (2:1) | |
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| Muscovite | |
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| Biotite | |
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| Glauconite | |
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| TOT + c Structures: Brittle Micas (2:1) | |
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| Margarite | |
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| Clintonite | |
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| TOT + O Structure | |
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| Chlorite | |
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| Clay Minerals | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Geology of Clay | |
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| Identification | |
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| Uses | |
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| Clay in the Environment | |
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| Other Sheet Silicates | |
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| Stilpnomelane | |
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| Prehnite | |
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| Chain Silicates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pyroxene group | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Geology of Pyroxenes | |
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| Orthopyroxene | |
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| Lo-Ca Clinopyroxene | |
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| Calcic Clinopyroxene | |
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| Aegirine (Acmite), Aegirine-augite | |
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| Jadeite | |
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| Omphacite | |
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| Spodumene | |
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| Pyroxenoid Group | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wollastonite | |
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| Rhodonite | |
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| Pectolite | |
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| Amphibole Group | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Geology of Amphiboles | |
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| Orthoamphibole | |
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| Cummingtonite-Grunerite | |
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| Tremolite - Ferro-actinolite | |
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| Hornblende | |
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| Glaucophane - Riebeckite | |
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| Other amphiboles | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Disilicates and Ring Silicates | |
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| Disilicates | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Zoisite | |
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| Clinozoisite-Epidote | |
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| Allanite | |
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| Lawsonite | |
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| Pumpellyitering Silicates | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Cordierite | |
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| Tourmaline | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Orthosilicates | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Olivine Group | |
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| Garnet Group | |
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| Zircon | |
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| Aluminum Silicates | |
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| Andalusite | |
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| Sillimanite | |
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| Kyanite | |
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| Staurolite | |
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| Chloritoid | |
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| Titanite | |
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| Topaz | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Borates, Tungstates, and Molybdates | |
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| Structure and Classification | |
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| Carbonates | |
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| Rhombohedral Carbonates (Calcite and Dolomite Groups) | |
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| Calcite | |
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| Magnesite | |
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| Siderite | |
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| Rhodochrosite | |
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| Dolomite-Ankerite | |
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| Aragonite Group | |
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| Aragonite | |
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| Witherite | |
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| Strontianite | |
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| OH-Bearing Carbonates | |
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| Malachite | |
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| Azurite | |
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| Sulfates | |
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| Gypsum | |
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| Anhydrite | |
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| Barite | |
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| Phosphates | |
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| Apatite | |
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| Monazite | |
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| Xenotime | |
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| Tourquoise | |
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| Tungstates and Molybdates | |
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| Borates | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oxides | |
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| X20 Group | |
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| Cuprite | |
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| Ice | |
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| XO Group | |
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| XY204 Minerals | |
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| Spinel Group | |
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| Magnetite | |
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| Chromite | |
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| Spinel Series | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| X2O3 Group | |
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| Hematite | |
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| Corundum | |
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| Ilmenite | |
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| XO2 Group | |
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| Rutile | |
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| Cassiterite | |
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| Uraninite | |
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| Hydroxides | |
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| Brucite | |
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| Iron Hydroxide Minerals | |
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| Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals | |
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| Manganese Oxide and Hydroxide Minerals | |
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| Halides | |
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| Halite | |
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| Sylvite | |
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| Fluorite | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Sulfides and Related Minerals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Classification | |
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| Sulfide Paragenesis | |
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| Hydrothermal Deposits | |
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| Supergene Processes | |
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| Sulfide Minerals | |
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| Sphalerite | |
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| Galena | |
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| Pyrrhotite | |
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| Chalcopyrite | |
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| Cinnabar | |
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| Pyrite | |
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| Marcasite | |
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| Molybdenite | |
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| Bornite | |
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| Chalcocite | |
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| Covellite | |
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| Sulfarsenides | |
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| Arsenopyrite | |
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| Arsenides | |
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| Tellurides | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Additional Reading | |
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| Native Elements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Metals | |
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| Gold | |
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| Silver | |
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| Copper | |
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| Semimetals | |
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| Nonmetals | |
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| Sulfur | |
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| Graphite | |
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| Diamond | |
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| References Cited and Suggestions for Reading | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements | |
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| Determinative Tables | |
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| Non-metallic minerals with white, gray, or other pale colored streak | |
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| Non-metallic minerals with distinctly colored streak | |
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| Minerals with metallic and submetallic luster | |
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| Specific gravity | |
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| Minerals that may fluoresce | |
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| Color of minerals in thin section and grain mount | |
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| Indices of refraction of isotropic minerals | |
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| Indices of refraction of uniaxial minerals | |
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| Indices of refraction of biaxial negative minerals arranged in order of increasing n? | |
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| Indices of refraction of biaxial positive minerals arranged in order of increasing n? | |
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| Minerals that produce pleochroic halos in surrounding minerals | |
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| Colors exhibited by opaque minerals in polished section viewed in air | |
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| Opaque or nearly opaque minerals that display internal reflections with reflected light | |
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| Mineral Associations | |
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| Mineralogy of Common Igneous Rocks | |
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| Mineralogy of Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Mineralogy of Common Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits | |