| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| What is Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Medical Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| What is Medical Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| The Culture Concept | |
| |
| |
| A Biocultural Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Looking Ahead | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anthropological Perspectives on Health and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Definitions of Health | |
| |
| |
| Disease | |
| |
| |
| Illness | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Arthur Kleinman | |
| |
| |
| Sickness | |
| |
| |
| Health, Ethics, and Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| The Locus of Health: The Body and Society | |
| |
| |
| Biological/Medical Normalcy | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Perspectives on Health | |
| |
| |
| Adaptability | |
| |
| |
| Behavioral Adaptability | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Approaches in Medical Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Political Economy of Health | |
| |
| |
| Ethnomedical Systems | |
| |
| |
| Interpretive Approaches to Illness and Suffering | |
| |
| |
| Applied Medical Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Healers and Healing | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Healing Systems | |
| |
| |
| Living Longer with Cystic Fibrosis | |
| |
| |
| Recruitment: How Healers Become Healers | |
| |
| |
| Alternative and Complementary Medicines | |
| |
| |
| Acupuncture | |
| |
| |
| Chiropractic | |
| |
| |
| Navajo Medicine | |
| |
| |
| When Biomedicine is Alternative Medicine | |
| |
| |
| Alternative Biomedicines | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Joan Cassell | |
| |
| |
| Death as a Biocultural Concept | |
| |
| |
| Placebo and Nocebo | |
| |
| |
| Harnessing the Power of the Placebo | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diet and Nutrition in Health and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| How are Dietary Reference Intakes Constructed? | |
| |
| |
| Digestive Physiology | |
| |
| |
| An Evolutionary Approach to Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| Scurvy in Evolutionary Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Ascertaining Diet and Nutritional Status from Ancient Bones | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Ellen Messer | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition and Chronic Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Obesity | |
| |
| |
| Diabetes | |
| |
| |
| Sugar and High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Biocultural Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Lactose Intolerance | |
| |
| |
| Celiac Disease | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Growth and Development | |
| |
| |
| Life History Theory | |
| |
| |
| Gestation: The First 40 Weeks of Growth and Development | |
| |
| |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Birth Weight in the Mountains | |
| |
| |
| Infancy | |
| |
| |
| Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Small but Healthy? | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Gretel Pelto | |
| |
| |
| Is Bigger Better? | |
| |
| |
| Does Milk Make Children Grow? | |
| |
| |
| Puberty and the Onset of Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Teenage Pregnancy in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Sex, Gender, Growth, and Health | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Toxins and Growth | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: The End of Childhood and Transitions to Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Health in Biocultural Context | |
| |
| |
| Medicalization of Women's Health and Reproductive Health | |
| |
| |
| Menstruation | |
| |
| |
| Premenstrual Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Oral Contraceptives and Biological Normalcy | |
| |
| |
| Determinants of Fertility | |
| |
| |
| Infertility | |
| |
| |
| Falling Sperm Counts: Environmental Causes of Male Reproductive Health Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Medicalization of Male Sexual Dysfunction | |
| |
| |
| Female Genital Cutting | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Ellen Gruenbaum | |
| |
| |
| Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| Humoral Medicine: Concepts of Hot and Cold | |
| |
| |
| Birth | |
| |
| |
| Mothering | |
| |
| |
| Cosleeping and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Menopause | |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer Risk | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aging | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Body | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Theories of Aging | |
| |
| |
| Somatic Mutations | |
| |
| |
| Free Radicals | |
| |
| |
| Wear and Degeneration | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Theories of Aging | |
| |
| |
| The Aging Brain | |
| |
| |
| Alzheimer Disease, Genes, and Evolution | |
| |
| |
| Extending Life? Caloric Restriction and an Okinawa Case Study | |
| |
| |
| Health, Illness, and the Cultural Construction of Aging | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infectious Diseases: Pathogens, Hosts, and Evolutionary Interplay | |
| |
| |
| Koch's Postulates | |
| |
| |
| Taxonomy of Infectious Disease | |
| |
| |
| Viruses | |
| |
| |
| Bacteria | |
| |
| |
| Protozoa | |
| |
| |
| Fungi | |
| |
| |
| Worms | |
| |
| |
| Prions | |
| |
| |
| How Pathogens Spread | |
| |
| |
| Human Defenses against Pathogens | |
| |
| |
| To Treat or Not to Treat | |
| |
| |
| The Immune Response: A Brief Overview | |
| |
| |
| Vaccination: How Does it Work? | |
| |
| |
| The Language of Immunity | |
| |
| |
| Human-Pathogen Co-Evolution | |
| |
| |
| Malaria: A Post-Agricultural Disease | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Changes in Pathogens | |
| |
| |
| Antibiotic Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Variation in Pathogen Virulence | |
| |
| |
| Allergies and Asthma: Relationship to Infectious Disease Exposure? | |
| |
| |
| The Hygiene Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| The Helminth Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: David Van Sickle and Managing Asthma | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Globalization, Poverty, and Infectious Disease | |
| |
| |
| Emergent and Resurgent Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Social Transformations, Colonialism, and Globalizing Infections | |
| |
| |
| Smallpox | |
| |
| |
| Colonization in the Tropics | |
| |
| |
| Colonialism's Health Legacy | |
| |
| |
| Climate Change and Emerging/Resurging Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Cholera | |
| |
| |
| Genetic Adaptation to Cholera | |
| |
| |
| Dams and Infectious Disease | |
| |
| |
| Tuberculosis: Emerging and Resurging | |
| |
| |
| HIV/AIDS: A New Disease | |
| |
| |
| Bushmeat Hunting and the Emergence of Human Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Paul Farmer and HIV in Haiti | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress, Social Inequality, and Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Health Disparities | |
| |
| |
| Biology of the Stress Response | |
| |
| |
| The Nervous System Stress Response | |
| |
| |
| The Hormonal Stress Response | |
| |
| |
| Why is Stress Different for Humans? | |
| |
| |
| Stress and Biological Normalcy | |
| |
| |
| Stress and Health | |
| |
| |
| Cardiovascular Disease | |
| |
| |
| Immune Function | |
| |
| |
| Medical Anthropologist in Action: Nancy Schoenberg | |
| |
| |
| Child Growth | |
| |
| |
| Inequality, Stress, and Health | |
| |
| |
| Relative Status | |
| |
| |
| Social Cohesion | |
| |
| |
| Social Support | |
| |
| |
| Race and Ethnicity and Health in the United States | |
| |
| |
| BiDil and "Racial Medicine" in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mental Health and Illness | |
| |
| |
| The Medical Model in Biocultural Context | |
| |
| |
| Culture-Bound Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| A French Culture-Bound Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
| ADHD and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Depression | |
| |
| |
| Bipolar Disorder and Creativity | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Substance Use and Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| Anthropologist in Action: Paul Brodwin | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Relevance of Medical Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| What Can I Do Next If I Am Interested in Medical Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| Graduate Programs in Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Public Health Programs | |
| |
| |
| Medical Schools and Clinical Health Professions | |
| |
| |
| Work in Governmental and Nongovernmental Health Agencies | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |