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| Philosopher Biographies | |
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| Preface | |
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| History of Philosophy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A | |
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| Plato, from The Apology | |
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| from The Crito | |
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| from The Phaedo | |
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| from The Republic | |
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| B | |
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| Laozi, from Dao De Jing | |
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| C | |
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| A Brief Introduction to Logic | |
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| Deductive Arguments | |
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| Inductive Arguments | |
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| Argument by Analogy | |
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| Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, "Logical Possibility," and Arguments by Counterexample | |
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| Reductio ad Absurdum | |
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| The Most Insidious Kinds of Fallacies | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography and Further Reading | |
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| The World And Beyond | |
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| Religion | |
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| What Is Religion? | |
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| The Western Religions | |
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| The Traditional Conception of God | |
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| Proving God: The Ontological Argument St. Anselm, On the Ontological Argument | |
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| God as Creator: Intelligence and Design St. Thomas Aquinas, On the Cosmological Argument | |
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| Religion, Morality, and Evil | |
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| Religion and "Practical Reason" | |
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| The Problem of Evil St. Augustine, from Confessions | |
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| Hinduism, Buddhism, Karma, and Compassion From The Bhagavadgita | |
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| Beyond Reason: Faith and Irrationality | |
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| God as Experience | |
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| The Leap of Faith | |
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| God as Ultimate Concern | |
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| Doubts about Religion Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov | |
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| Reality | |
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| "The Way the World Really Is" Aristotle, from Metaphysics | |
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| The First Greek Philosophers | |
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| The Ionian Naturalists | |
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| Monism, Materialism, and Immaterial "Stuff" | |
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| Heraclitus | |
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| Democritus, Atoms, and Pluralism | |
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| Animism | |
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| Pythagoras | |
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| The Appearance/Reality Distinction | |
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| Parmenides Parmenides, from Fragments | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Metaphysics | |
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| Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China | |
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| Reality as One: The Upanishads From Upanishads | |
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| Reality, Good, and Evil: Zarathustra From Zend-Avesta | |
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| Confucius: Confucius, from The Confucian Analects | |
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| Laozi, or the Poets of the Dao De Jing Laozi, from Dao De Jing | |
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| Buddha Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" | |
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| Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle | |
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| Plato Plato, from The Symposium; from The Republic; from The Meno | |
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| Aristotle Aristotle, from Metaphysics; from Physics; from Metaphysics | |
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| Modern Metaphysics | |
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| Ren� Descartes Ren� Descartes, On Substance; from "Meditation VI" | |
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| Benedictus de Spinoza Benedictus de Spinoza, from Ethics | |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology | |
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| Knowledge Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy | |
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| The Rationalist's Confidence: Descartes Ren� Descartes, from "Meditation I"; from "Meditation II"; from "Meditation VI" | |
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| Innate Ideas Concerning Human Understanding: John Locke | |
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| Two Empiricist Theories of Knowledge John Locke John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Bishop George Berkeley Bishop | |
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| The Congenial Skeptic: David Hume | |
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| Kant's Revolution | |
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| The Battle in Europe After Kant: Relativism and Absolutism | |
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| Hegel G. W. F. Hegel, from The Phenomenology of Spirit; from Reason in History | |
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| Schopenahuer Arthur Schopenhauer, from The World as Will and Representation | |
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| Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche, On Truth | |
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| Phenomenology Edmund Husserl, from "Philosophy as Rigorous Science"; from The 1929 Paris Lectures | |
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| Hermeneutics and Pragmatism: Relativism Reconsidered | |
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| The Analytic Turn Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy | |
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| Feminist Epistemology Elizabeth Grosz, On Feminist Knowledge | |
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| Know Thyself | |
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| Self | |
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| Consciousness and the Self: From Descartes to Kant Ren�Descartes, from "Meditation VI" | |
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| Existentialism: Self-Identity and the Responsibility of Choice | |
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| The Individual and the Community S�ren Kierkegaard, On "The Public"; On Self and Passion | |
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| Voices of Protest Malcolm X, On Being "African"; from "At the Audubon" | |
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| One Self? Any Self? Questioning the Concept of Personal "Essence" Hermann Hesse, from Steppenwolf | |
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| Mind And Body | |
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| What Is Consciousness? Ren� Descartes, from "Meditation VI"; from "Meditation III" | |
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| The Problem of Dualism Ren� Descartes, from "The Passions of the Soul" | |
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| The Rejection of Dualism | |
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| Radical Behaviorism | |
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| Logical Behaviorism Gilbert Ryle, from The Concept of Mind | |
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| The Identity Theory J. J. C. Smart, from "Sensations and Brain Processes" | |
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| Eliminative Materialism Paul M. Churchland, On Eliminative Materialism | |
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| Functionalism: The Mind and the Computer | |
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| Connectionism | |
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| The Problem of Consciousness Sigmund Freud, On the "Unconscious" | |
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| Changing Our Minds: Holism and Consciousness Aristotle, from De Anima | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Fatalism and Karma Sophocles, from Oedipus the King | |
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| Predestination St. Augustine, from On Free Choice of the Will | |
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| Determinism | |
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| Hard Determinism Baron Paul Henri d'Holbach, from System of Nature | |
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| Determinism Versus Indeterminism Robert Kane, On Indeterminism | |
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| The Role of Consciousness | |
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| Soft Determinism John Stuart Mill, On Causation and Necessity | |
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| Compulsion and Ignorance Aristotle, On Voluntary Action | |
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| Freedom in Practice: Kant's Solution | |
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| Radical Freedom: Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre, On "Absolute Freedom" | |
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| The Good And The Right | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Morality | |
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| Is Morality Relative? | |
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| Egoism and Altruism Plato, from The Republic | |
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| Are We Naturally Selfish? A Debate Mencius, On Human Nature: Man Is Good | |
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| Morality as Virtue: Aristotle Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics | |
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| Morality and Sentiment: Hume and Rousseau David Hume, On "Reason as Slave of the Passions" | |
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| Morality and Practical Reason | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| The Creation of Morality: Nietzsche and Existentialism Friedrich Nietzsche, On "Morality as Herd-Instinct"; On "Master and Slave Morality" | |
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| Pragmatism in Ethics John Dewey, from The Quest for Certainty | |
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| Ethics and Gender Virginia Held, On Feminist Ethics | |
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| Justice | |
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| The Problem of Justice | |
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| Two Ancient Theories of Justice: Plato and Aristotle Plato, from The Republic | |
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| Two Modern Theories of Justice: Hume and Mill on Utility and Rights | |
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| The Social Contract | |
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| Fairness and Entitlement | |
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| Justice or Care: A Feminist Perspective | |
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| Individual Rights and Freedom | |
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| Fighting for Rights and Justice: Civil Disobedience | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |