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| Maps | |
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| Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Notes to the Reader | |
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| Archaic Italy and the Origins of Rome | |
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| Italy and the Mediterranean World | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Italy Before the City | |
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| Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean | |
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| The Rise of Cities | |
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| Beginning of Writing | |
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| Appearance of an Elite | |
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| Cities and Monumental Architecture | |
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| Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods | |
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| Social and Economic Organization | |
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| Greeks and Etruscans | |
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| Greek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily | |
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| Etruscans | |
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| The Emergence of Rome | |
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| The Romans and Their Early History | |
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| Dates of Rome's Kings According to Varro | |
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| Plutarch, Romulus | |
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| Politics and Society under the Kings | |
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| Rome and the Latins | |
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| Republican Rome and the Conquest of Italy | |
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| The Early Republic | |
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| Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century | |
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| Struggle of the Orders | |
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| Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome | |
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| The City and Its Institutions in the Fourth Century | |
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| Officials | |
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| Senate | |
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| Assemblies of Citizens | |
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| Servius Tullius' Creation of the Census (Livy) | |
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| Roman Assemblies | |
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| The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests | |
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| The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus) | |
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| Rome and Central Italy | |
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| Warfare and the Civic Order | |
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| Rome in Latium and Campania | |
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| Expansion of Roman Control Over Italy | |
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| Wars in Central and Northern Italy | |
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| Conquest of the South | |
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| War and the Roman State | |
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| The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire | |
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| Sources | |
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| The Nobility and the City of Rome | |
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| Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian) | |
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| Wars with Carthage | |
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| First Punic War (264-241)Second Punic War (218-201) | |
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| NEWA Mediterranean Empire | |
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| Governor's, Provinces, and Empire | |
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| Spain | |
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| Greece and Asia Minor | |
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| NEWNorth Africa | |
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| Italy and Empire | |
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| Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies | |
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| Italy and the Consequences of Empire | |
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| Changing Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and Allies | |
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| Roman and Italian Elites | |
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| Scipio Africanus' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybius and Livy) | |
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| Demographic and Economic Changes | |
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| Roman Politics from the Mid-Second Century | |
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| Scipio Aemilianus | |
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| Tiberius Gracchus | |
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| NEWGaius Gracchus | |
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| Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided | |
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| Changes in Roman Society | |
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| War with Jugurtha (112-105) | |
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| Italy Threatened from the North (113-101) | |
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| NEWChanges in the Roman Army | |
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| Marius' Career in Roman Politics | |
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| Marius' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust) | |
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| Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100) | |
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| Administration of the Provinces | |
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| Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91) | |
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| Social War (91-87) | |
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| Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88) | |
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| Sulla's First March on Rome (88) | |
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| Cinna's Rule (87-84) | |
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| Sulla's Second March on Rome (83-83) | |
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| The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy | |
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| Sulla's Proscriptions (82-81) | |
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| Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81) | |
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| Senate | |
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| Tribunate | |
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| Equites, Courts | |
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| Citizens | |
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| Governors | |
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| Verdicts on Sulla's Program | |
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| Cicero's Defense of Sextus Roscius | |
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| Lepidus' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77) | |
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| Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73) | |
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| Pompey's Letter from Spain (Sallust) | |
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| Spartacus's Slave Revolt (73-71) | |
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| Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) | |
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| Pompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67) | |
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| Threat from King Mithrades VI of Pontus | |
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| Sulla's Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85) | |
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| Lucullus' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67) | |
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| Pompey's Defeat of Mithridates (66-63) | |
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| Roles of Cassus and Cicero in Rome (66-63) | |
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| Caitline's Rising (63-62) | |
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| End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship | |
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| Sources | |
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| Pompey's Return from the East (62) | |
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| Pompey and Political Stalemate in Rome | |
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| Partnership of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar | |
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| Caesar's First Consulship (59) | |
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| Clodius' Tribunate (58) | |
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| Cicero's Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56) | |
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| Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul (58-51) | |
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| Death of Clodius and Pompey's Sole Consulship (52) | |
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| Prospect of Civil War (51-49) | |
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| Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49) | |
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| Cicero's Governorship of Cilcia (51-50) | |
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| Civil War Campaigns (49-45) | |
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| Caesar's Activity as Dictator (49-44) | |
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| Caesar's Impact Upon the City of Rome | |
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| Political Prospects for Rome, and for Caesar | |
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| Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World | |
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| Reactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43) | |
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| Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43) | |
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| Battle of Philippi (42) | |
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| Laudatio Turiae | |
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| Perusine War (41-40) | |
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| Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36) | |
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| Antony in the East (42 onwards) | |
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| Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30) | |
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| Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards) | |
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| "The Republic Restored� | |
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| Second Settlement | |
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| The Roman Family in the Augustan Period | |
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| Succession | |
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| The Julio-Claudian Family | |
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| Senate and Equites | |
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| Army | |
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| The Empire and Its Expansion | |
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| Oath of Loyalty | |
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| Latin Literature in the Late Republic and Augustan Age | |
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| City of Rome | |
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| Attitudes Outside rome | |
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| Res Gestae of Augustus | |
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| Augustus: Final Assessment | |
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| The Early Principate (A.D. 14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early Empire | |
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| Sources | |
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| The Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military Concerns | |
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| Tiberius (14-37) | |
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| Senatorial Decree Concerning the Elder Gnaeus Piso | |
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| Gaius (Caligula) (37-41) | |
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| Claudius' Speech on the Admission of Gauls to the Senate | |
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| Nero (54-68) | |
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| Civil War in 68-69: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian | |
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| Economic and Social Change: Army | |
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| Economy | |
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| Intellectual Life | |
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| "Beneficial Ideology" | |
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| Cities and Provinces | |
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| Women | |
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| Diversity: Local Languages and Culture | |
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| Religious Practices and Principles | |
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| Imperial Cult | |
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| Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138) | |
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| Sources | |
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| Institutionalization of the Principate | |
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| Vespasian (69-79) | |
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| Titus (79-81) | |
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| Domitian (81-96) | |
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| A New, Better Era? | |
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| Nerva (96-98) | |
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| Trajan (98-117) | |
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| Hadiran (117-138) | |
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| The Antonine Family | |
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| Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia | |
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| Roman Cities and the Empire's Peoples | |
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| Theaters and Processions | |
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| Circuses and Chariot Racing | |
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| The Amphitheather, and Gladitorial Games | |
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| Other Urban Amenities | |
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| Education | |
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| State Religion and Imperial Cult | |
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| Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235) | |
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| Sources | |
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| Antoninus Pius (138-161) | |
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| Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169) | |
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| A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship | |
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| Morbidity and Mortality in the Roman Empire | |
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| Commodus (176-192, Ruling as Sole Augustus After 180) | |
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| Civil War and the Rise of Septimus Severus (193-211) | |
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| The Severan Family | |
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| Deification Ceremonies for Pertinax in Septimus Severus' Rome | |
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| Caracalla (198-217, Ruling as Sole Augustus After 211) | |
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| Macrinus (217-218) | |
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| Elagabalus (218-222) | |
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| Severus Alexander (222-235) | |
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| Roman Law | |
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| Roman Citizenship | |
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| Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana) | |
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| Rome and Christianity | |
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| Pliny, Trajan, and Christians | |
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| The Third Century Crisis and the Tetrarchic Restabilization | |
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| Sources | |
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| Mid-Third Century | |
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| Aurelian (270-275) | |
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| Diocletian, the Tetrarchy, and the Dominate (284-305) | |
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| Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313), and the Rise of Constantine (306-324) | |
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| Galerius' Edict of Toleration | |
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| Administrative Reorganization Under the Dominate | |
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| The Tetrarchs Introduce Their Edict on Maximum Prices | |
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| The Rise of Christianity and the Growth of the Barbarian Threat (324-395) | |
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| Sources | |
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| Constantine: A Christian Emperor | |
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| The Sons of Constantine (337-361): The Power of Dynasty | |
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| The Constantinian Family | |
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| Julian (361-363): A Test of the Christian Empire | |
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| Julian attempts to bring paganism into line with Christianity.Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valiens (363-378) | |
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| Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius I (379-395) | |
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| New Elites for the Empire | |
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| Paganism and Christianity | |
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| The Final Years of the Western Empire and Rome's Revival in the East | |
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| Sources | |
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| The Theodosian Dynasty to the First Sack of Rome (395-410) | |
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| The Theodsian Family | |
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| The Fall of the Western Empire (410-476) | |
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| The Gothic King Athaulf's Shifting Attitude toward Rome | |
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| The Growth of a Byzantine Empire in the East (408-491) | |
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| Holy Land Pilgrimage and the Cult of Relics | |
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| Women's Power in Late Antiquity | |
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| The "Decline and Fall" of the Roman Empire | |
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| Timeline | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Principal Ancient Authors | |
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| Art Credits | |
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| Index | |
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| Gazetteer | |