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| Standard Mereology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Standard Conception of Composition | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| Standard Mereology | |
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| The Basic Concepts of Standard Mereology | |
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| The Basic Principles of Standard Mereology | |
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| A Gradual Statement of the Theory | |
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| The Application of Standard Mereology to Ordinary Material Objects | |
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| Ordinary Objects as Mereological Sums | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| Thomson's Three-Dimensionalist Approach | |
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| Lewis' Four-Dimensionalist Approach | |
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| Support for Unrestricted Composition | |
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| The Lewis/Sider Argument from Vagueness | |
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| The Controversial Premise (P3) | |
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| The Matter of Vague Existence | |
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| The Composition-as-Identity Thesis | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Composition as Non-Identity | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| The Suspect Strategy | |
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| The Suspect Strategy and Leibniz's Law | |
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| Contingent Identity | |
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| Temporary Identity | |
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| Indeterminate Identity | |
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| The Suspect Strategy and Existence Principles: Non-Existent Objects | |
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| The Suspect Strategy and Restricted Indiscernibility Principles | |
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| Coincident Objects | |
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| Relative Identity | |
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| What's Wrong with the Suspect Strategy? | |
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| The Purely Stipulative Response | |
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| Gibbard's Appeal to Failures of Substitutivity | |
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| Parsons' Appeal to the Paradoxes of Naive Set Theory | |
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| Deutsch's Expansion Principle | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| A Contemporary Structure-Based Mereology | |
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| A Different Kind of Whole | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| Parting Ways with the Standard Conception | |
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| Fine's "Aggregative Objection" | |
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| Fine's "Monster Objection" | |
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| Fine's Theory of Embodiments | |
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| Rigid Embodiments | |
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| Variable Embodiments | |
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| Discussion | |
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| The Proliferation of Sui Generis Relations | |
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| The Superabundance of Objects | |
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| The Mysterious Nature of Variable Embodiments | |
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| The Formal Properties of Parthood | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Ancient Structure-Based Mereologies | |
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| The Role of Structure in Plato's Mereological Writings | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| The Negative Mereological Undercurrent | |
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| The Positive Mereological Undercurrent | |
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| Platonic Wholes | |
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| Normativity, Teleology, Intelligibility and Unity | |
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| Structure and Content | |
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| The Aristotelian Regress in Met. Z.17 | |
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| Parts as "Structure-Laden" | |
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| A Final Word on Content | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Aristotle's Refinements of Plato's Theory | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| The Centrality of "Part" and "Whole" in the Aristotelian Corpus | |
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| The Problem of the One and the Many | |
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| A Reading of the Text | |
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| One, Divisibility, Part, Quantity and Measure | |
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| Kinds of Measure and Principles of Unity | |
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| The Ways of Being a Part: Met. �. 25 | |
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| The Ways of Being a Whole: Met. �.26 | |
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| Wholes and Totals | |
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| Degrees of Wholeness | |
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| Summary of Sections VI.3-4: The Highlights | |
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| Discussion | |
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| The Formal Properties of Parthood | |
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| In Search of the Ultimate Mereological Atom | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| An Alternative Structure-Based Theory | |
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| Objects as Structured Wholes | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| Outlines of the Theory | |
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| Mereological Non-Proliferation: A Single Relation of Parthood | |
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| The Restricted Nature of Composition | |
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| An Ontology of Kinds | |
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| Ontology and Mereology | |
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| Form and Matter | |
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| An Ontology of Structured Wholes | |
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| The Dichotomous Nature of Wholes | |
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| Material Components as Proper Parts | |
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| Formal Components as Proper Parts | |
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| Material and Formal Components as Proper Parts | |
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| The Hierarchical Nature of Composition | |
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| Change over Time | |
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| Synchronic and Diachronic Identity | |
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| Composition as Non-Identity | |
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| The Unified Nature of Wholes | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| In Defense of Kinds | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| What Are Natural Kinds? | |
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| The Special Features of Natural Kinds | |
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| Induction and Projectibility | |
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| Laws of Nature | |
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| Causation and Explanation | |
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| Biological Taxa | |
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| The Ontological Status of Species | |
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| Species as Kinds | |
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| What Sorts of Entities Are Natural Kinds? | |
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| The Semantics of Natural Kind Terms | |
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| Rigid Designation | |
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| Incommensurability and Indeterminacy: Physical and Chemical Kinds | |
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| Impurities and Isotopes: Scientific and Ordinary Classifications | |
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| Meaning-Change and Theory-Change | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Structure | |
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| Introductory Remarks | |
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| Some Preliminaries | |
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| Related Notions | |
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| Different Grammatical Roles | |
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| The Gestalt Theorists: Rescher and Oppenheim | |
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| Some Case Studies | |
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| Mathematical Structure | |
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| Logical Structure | |
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Musical Structure | |
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| Linguistic Structure | |
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| Structures as Objects | |
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| The Grounding Problem Revisited | |
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| A Potential Problem Case | |
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| The Detachability of the Grounding Problem | |
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| Giving Up the Transitivity of Parthood | |
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| Individual Forms and Haecceities | |
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| Denying the Existence of Heaps | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| General Index | |
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| Index of Names | |