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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Policing as the object of study | |
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| Policing in the context of state formation and state-building | |
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| Policing in history | |
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| Throwing light on the mystery of institution building | |
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| The Afghan context | |
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| Background: history of police in Afghanistan | |
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| The origins | |
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| To 1978 | |
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| Structural development | |
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| Territorial and population control | |
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| Command and control | |
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| Rule of law and professionalisation | |
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| 1978-2001 | |
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| Politicisation and the first assault on meritocracy, 1978-9 | |
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| A new institutional order, under Soviet patronage, 1979-92 | |
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| State collapse and the second assault on meritocracy, 1992-6 | |
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| Policing under the Taliban | |
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| Afghanistan's police in 2002 | |
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| A new year zero of policing | |
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| The early post-2001 political economy | |
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| The changing post-2001 operating environment | |
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| The uncertain impact of external assistance | |
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| Financial assistance | |
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| Training, mentoring and advising | |
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| The beginnings | |
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| The American wave | |
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| Impact of assistance | |
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| Internal organisation and reorganisation | |
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| Structural development | |
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| Professionalisation | |
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| Local/non-local | |
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| Indiscipline | |
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| Cooperation with other government institutions | |
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| Investigative capabilities | |
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| Reporting and record keeping | |
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| Pay and retention | |
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| Education | |
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| Competence and motivation | |
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| Corruption | |
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| The corruption landscape | |
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| Case study: the ANP and illegal tolls | |
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| Counter-narcotics | |
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| Ghost police | |
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| Fighting corruption | |
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| Recruitment and retention | |
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| The scarcity of professionals | |
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| Charismatic officers and patrons | |
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| Provincial dynamics: Balkh's most durable stationary bandit | |
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| Fa�ades of reform | |
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| Purges, clean-ups and patronage | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Political affiliation | |
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| Professionalism | |
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| Lobbying | |
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| Criminal networking and corruption | |
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| The ultimate test of functionality: the paramilitary dimension | |
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| Commanding and controlling the police | |
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| The early days | |
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| Impact of improvement efforts | |
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| Persistent patrimonialism | |
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| Collaboration with the enemy | |
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| Alternative models? | |
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| Control of territory and population | |
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| The early days | |
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| Persistent weakness | |
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| Wasteful use of human resources | |
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| Reduction of coverage faced with the insurgency | |
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| Reporting | |
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| Logistics | |
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| The ambiguous impact of reform | |
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| The first wave of reforms and the difficulties of re-centralisation | |
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| Nature of the reforms | |
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| The centralisation effort vis-�-vis the strongmen | |
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| Provincial dynamics: Faryab province, 2004 | |
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| Provincial dynamics: Kandahar province, 2005 | |
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| Reform, counter-reform and external scrutiny | |
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| The Trojan horse which was not | |
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| The lone reformer at the top | |
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| Thermidor: from reform to technical improvements | |
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| The debate over paramilitary or civilian policing | |
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| Gender issues | |
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| Pay and rank reform | |
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| The rule of law | |
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| The Afghan Leviathan and the rule of law | |
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| External oversight and accountability | |
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| The foreigners' influence | |
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| Abusive and arbitrary behaviour | |
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| Torture | |
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| Illegal detention | |
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| Arbitrary executions | |
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| Riot control | |
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| Community demands and rule of law | |
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| Provincial dynamics: a case study of Herat | |
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| Historical background | |
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| Police during Ismail Khan's first rule over Herat (1992-5) | |
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| Police under the Taliban's Emirate | |
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| Police during Ismail Khan's second rule over Herat (2001-4) | |
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| Building a loyal police force | |
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| Command and control of the Police | |
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| Police corruption | |
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| Police in post-Ismail Klian Herat | |
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| Police and politics | |
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| Command and control | |
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| Political economy | |
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| Police corruption and criminal behaviour | |
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| Oversight of the police | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |