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| List of Plates | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Abbreviations of Library and Archive Locations | |
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| Other Abbreviations | |
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| Introductory | |
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| Early Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Modern Age | |
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| Ancien Regime and Revolution | |
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| Historians and the Writing of 'Intellectual History' | |
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| L'Esprit philosophique | |
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| Philosophy and the Making of Modernity | |
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| Spinoza and Spinozism in the Radical Enlightenment | |
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| Locke, Hume, and the Making of Modernity | |
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| The Crisis of Religious Authority | |
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| Faith and Reason: Bayle versus the Rationaux | |
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| Europe's Religious Crisis | |
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| Consensus gentium and the Philosophes | |
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| Voltaire and the Eclipse of Bayle | |
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| Demolishing Priesthood, Ancient and Modern | |
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| Socinianism and the Social, Psychological, and Cultural Roots of Enlightenment | |
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| Locke, Bayle, and Spinoza: A Contest of Three Toleration Doctrines | |
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| Toleration from Locke to Barbeyrac | |
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| Bayle's Freedom of Conscience | |
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| Spinoza's Liberty of Thought and Expression | |
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| Germany and the Baltic: Enlightenment, Society, and the Universities | |
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| The Problem of 'Atheism' | |
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| Academic Disputations and the Making of German Radical Thought | |
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| An Alternative Route? Johann Lorenz Schmidt and 'Left' Wolffian Radicalism | |
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| Natural Theology, Natural Law, and the Radical Challenge | |
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| Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism in the Early Enlightenment: Science, Philosophy, and Religion | |
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| English Physico-theology | |
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| From 's-Gravesande to d'Alembert (1720-1750) | |
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| Political Emancipation | |
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| Anti-Hobbesianism and the Making of 'Modernity' | |
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| The Origins of Modern Democratic Republicanism | |
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| Classical Republicanism versus Democratic Republicanism | |
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| Democracy in Radical Thought | |
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| Bayle, Boulainvilliers, Montesquieu: Secular Monarchy versus the Aristocratic Republic | |
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| Bayle's Politics | |
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| Early Enlightenment French Political Thought | |
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| The Ideal of Mixed Monarchy | |
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| 'Enlightened Despotism': Autocracy, Faith, and Enlightenment in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (1689-1755) | |
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| Peter the Great's 'Revolution' (1689-1725) | |
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| Europe and the Russian Enlightenment (1725-1755) | |
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| Locke, Newton, and Leibniz in the Greek Cultural Diaspora | |
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| Popular Sovereignty, Resistance, and the 'Right to Revolution' | |
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| Anglomania, Anglicisme, and the 'British Model' | |
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| English Deism and the Recoil from Radicalism | |
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| French Anglicisme | |
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| Anglicisme and Anti-anglicisme in the Mid Eighteenth Century | |
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| The Triumph of the 'Moderate Enlightenment' in the United Provinces | |
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| The Defeat of Dutch Radical Thought: The Social Context | |
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| Intellectual Realignment within the Huguenot Diaspora | |
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| The Orangist Restoration (1747-1751) | |
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| Intellectual Emancipation | |
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| The Overthrow of Humanist Criticism | |
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| Ars critica | |
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| Secularization of the Sacred | |
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| Man and Myth | |
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| The Recovery of Greek Thought | |
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| 'Rationalizing the Gods': Disputing Xenophanes | |
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| Strato, Spinoza, and the Philosophes | |
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| Spinozism: A Reworking of Greek Stoicism? | |
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| The Rise of 'History of Philosophy' | |
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| Pre-Enlightenment 'History of Philosophy' | |
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| German Eclecticism and the Rise of a New Discipline | |
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| 'Radical Renaissance' | |
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| From 'History of Philosophy' to History of l'Esprit humain | |
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| Fontenelle, Boulainvilliers, and 'l'histoire de l'esprit humain' | |
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| Diderot and the History of Human Thought | |
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| Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vico's 'New Science' | |
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| Italy Embraces the Mainstream Enlightenment | |
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| Vico's 'Divine Providence' | |
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| A Restored Italo-Greek Wisdom? | |
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| The Party of Humanity | |
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| The Problem of Equality | |
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| Enlightenment and Basic Equality | |
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| Aristocracy, Radical Thought, and Educational Reform | |
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| Sex, Marriage, and the Equality of Women | |
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| Cartesianism and Female Equality | |
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| Marriage, Chastity, and Prostitution | |
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| The Erotic Emancipation of Woman, and Man | |
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| Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism | |
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| Enlightenment against Empire | |
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| Slavery and the Early Enlightenment | |
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| Empire and National Identity | |
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| Rethinking Islam: Philosophy and the 'Other' | |
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| Islam and Toleration | |
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| Bayle and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) | |
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| Ibn Tufayl and the Hidden Wisdom of the East | |
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| The Clandestine 'Enlightenment' of the Zindikites | |
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| Spinoza, Confucius, and Classical Chinese Philosophy | |
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| China and Spinozismus ante Spinozam | |
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| Leibniz, Wolff, and Chinese prisca theologia | |
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| Voltaire, Montesquieu, and China | |
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| Is Religion Needed for a Well-Ordered Society? | |
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| Separating Morality from Theology | |
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| 'Moderate' Enlightenment Deist Morality | |
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| Radical Thought and the Construction of a Secular Morality | |
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| Radical Philosophes | |
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| The French Enlightenment Prior to Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques (1734) | |
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| The Post-1715 Reaction to Absolutism | |
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| The Materialist Challenge | |
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| Clandestinity | |
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| Men, Animals, Plants, and Fossils: French Hylozoic Materialisme before Diderot | |
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| Realigning the Parti philosophique: Voltaire, Voltairianisme, Antivoltairianisme (1732-1745) | |
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| Voltaire's Enlightenment | |
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| The Defeat of Voltaire and the French 'Newtonians' | |
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| Breakdown of the Lockean-Newtonian Synthesis | |
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| From Voltaire to Diderot | |
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| The 'Unvirtuous Atheist' | |
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| The 'Affaire La Mettrie' (1745-1752) | |
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| Atheistic Amoralism | |
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| The Parti philosophique Embraces the Radical Enlightenment | |
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| Radicalization of the Diderot Circle | |
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| The 'Quarrel' of the Esprit des lois (1748-1752) | |
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| The 'War of the Encyclopedie': The First Stage (1746-1752) | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |