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| Preface | |
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| List of Tables and Figures | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An analgesic? | |
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| Reading | |
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| Why jurisprudence? | |
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| Descriptive and normative legal theory | |
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| Is eating people wrong? | |
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| The point of legal theory | |
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| Notes | |
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| Natural law | |
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| What is natural law? | |
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| The development of natural law philosophy | |
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| Natural law in political philosophy | |
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| Hobbes | |
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| Locke | |
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| Rousseau | |
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| The decline of natural law | |
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| The revival of natural law | |
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| Fuller's 'inner morality of law' | |
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| John Finnis | |
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| Hard and soft natural law? | |
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| Moral realism | |
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| Critique | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Classical legal positivism | |
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| What is legal positivism? | |
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| What positivism is not | |
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| Jeremy Bentham: the Luther of jurisprudence? | |
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| In search of determinacy | |
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| Judge & Co. | |
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| Codification | |
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| John Austin: naive empiricist? | |
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| Imperatives | |
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| Laws properly so called | |
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| Law and power | |
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| Bentham and Austin compared | |
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| Their general approaches | |
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| The definition of law | |
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| Commands | |
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| Sovereignty | |
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| Sanctions | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Modern legal positivism | |
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| The foundations | |
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| Hard and soft positivism | |
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| H. L. A. Hart | |
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| Hart as legal positivist | |
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| 'Minimum content of natural law' | |
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| Breaking with Austin and Bentham | |
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| Law and language | |
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| Law as a system of rules | |
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| Social rules | |
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| Secondary rules | |
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| The rule of recognition | |
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| The existence of a legal system | |
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| The 'internal point of view' | |
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| The judicial function | |
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| 'An essay in descriptive sociology'? | |
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| Critique | |
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| Hans Kelsen | |
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| Unadulterated law | |
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| A Hierarchy of norms | |
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| The Grundnorm | |
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| Validity, efficacy, and revolution | |
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| International law | |
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| Kelsen and Kant | |
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| Democracy and the rule of law | |
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| Critique | |
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| Joseph Raz | |
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| The 'sources thesis' | |
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| Practical reason | |
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| Committed and detached statements | |
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| Critique | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Law as interpretation | |
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| An overview | |
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| The assault on positivism | |
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| Principles and policies | |
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| Hercules and hard cases | |
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| One right answer | |
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| The semantic sting | |
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| The rights thesis | |
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| Law as literature | |
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| Law as integrity | |
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| Community | |
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| The assault on Dworkin | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Law and morality | |
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| Morals | |
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| Natural law v positivism | |
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| Hart v Fuller | |
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| Judicial morality: a case study | |
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| Moral questions | |
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| Semantic questions | |
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| Public or private morality? | |
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| The judge's duty | |
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| The judge's choice | |
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| The judge's capitulation | |
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| The judge and the lawyer | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Legal realism | |
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| What are realists realistic about? | |
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| American Realism | |
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| Oliver Wendell Holmes | |
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| Karl Llewellyn | |
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| Jerome Frank | |
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| The American Realist method | |
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| The Scandinavian Realists | |
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| Alf Ross | |
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| Karl Olivecrona | |
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| Critique | |
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| Realism and psychology | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Law and social theory | |
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| What is a sociological perspective? | |
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| Roscoe Pound | |
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| Social interests and 'jural postulates' | |
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| Critique of Pound | |
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| Eugen Ehrlich | |
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| Emile Durkheim | |
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| Law and social solidarity | |
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| The function of punishment | |
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| Critique of Durkheim | |
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| Max Weber | |
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| Weber's typology of law | |
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| Weber's theory of legitimate domination | |
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| Capitalism and law | |
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| Critique of Weber | |
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| Karl Marx | |
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| Historicism | |
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| Base and superstructure | |
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| Ideology | |
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| Goodbye to law? | |
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| Legal fetishism | |
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| Conflict or consensus? | |
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| Michele Foucault | |
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| Power | |
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| The law | |
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| Critique | |
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| Jurgen Habermas | |
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| The modern state | |
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| The law | |
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| Critique | |
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| Autopoiesis | |
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| Whither the sociology of law? | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Justice | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Preferences | |
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| Critique of utilitarianism | |
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| The economic analysis of law | |
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| Robert Nozick | |
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| John Rawls | |
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| The rejection of utilitarianism | |
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| Social contractarianism | |
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| The original position | |
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| The two principles of justice | |
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| Political liberalism | |
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| Critique of Rawls | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Rights | |
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| What is a right? | |
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| Theories of rights | |
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| Right-based theories | |
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| Human rights | |
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| Communitarianism | |
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| Relativism | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Socialism | |
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| Legal positivism | |
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| Critical theory | |
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| The future of human rights | |
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| Animal rights | |
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| Subjectivism and intuitionism | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Can animals have rights? | |
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| Social contractarianism | |
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| Intrinsic worth | |
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| The rights of animals | |
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| Freedom of expression: a case study | |
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| Individual or community? | |
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| Speaker or audience? | |
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| The argument from truth | |
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| Self-government | |
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| Press freedom | |
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| The First Amendment | |
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| Speech and action | |
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| Balancing | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Feminist and critical race theory | |
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| Origins of feminism | |
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| Legal feminisms | |
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| Liberal feminism | |
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| Radical feminism | |
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| Postmodern feminism | |
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| Difference feminism | |
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| Other feminisms | |
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| Critique | |
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| Critical Race Theory | |
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| CRT and feminist theory | |
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| CRT and postmodernism | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Critical legal theory | |
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| Critical Legal Studies | |
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| Trashing CLS? | |
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| Postmodern legal theory | |
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| What is it? | |
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| The death of the subject | |
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| Jacques Lacan | |
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| Jacques Derrida | |
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| Foucault and Habermas | |
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| The postmodern agenda | |
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| Language | |
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| Critical theory and individual rights | |
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| Critique | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |