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The context of health and health care | |
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Health and health care | |
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What is health? | |
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What is health care? | |
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What do health care and health do for people? | |
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Health and health care across the world | |
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Conclusion | |
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Economics and efficiency | |
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More in means more out-but at a diminishing rate | |
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Substitution: �more than one way to skin a cat� | |
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Scarcity: a dismal reality for the dismal science | |
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Supply and demand-and the magic equilibrium | |
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Conclusion | |
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What makes the market for health care different? | |
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The perfect market model and the imperfect market for health care | |
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Asymmetric information and the agency relationship | |
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Externalities: selfishly motivated | |
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Conclusion | |
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Equality and fairness | |
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Externalities: unselfishly motivated | |
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Transfers in cash or in kind | |
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Three theories of distributive justice | |
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The health frontier and trade-offs | |
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Conclusion and some conceptual clarifications | |
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Intervening in the determinants of health | |
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The health environment | |
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The physical environment | |
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The social environment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Health-related lifestyle | |
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Diet | |
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Exercise | |
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Substance use | |
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Conclusion | |
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Financing health care | |
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Uncertainty and health insurance | |
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The welfare gain from insurance | |
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Moral hazard | |
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Risks differ: actuarially fair insurance | |
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Adverse selection | |
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Conclusion | |
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Compulsory insurance | |
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Social health insurance | |
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Tax-financed health care | |
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Comparing three insurance systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Patient payment | |
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The third party or the patient pays | |
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Co-payment, co-insurance, co-funding, cost sharing | |
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Deductibles | |
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Distributive implications | |
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Negative patient payments | |
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Autonomous consumer or compliant patient | |
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Conclusion | |
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Paying health care providers | |
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Primary care | |
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Fee for service | |
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Capitation | |
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Salary | |
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Comparing three payment systems | |
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Conclusion | |
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Secondary care: reimbursing hospitals | |
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Retrospective variable: cost reimbursement | |
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Prospective fixed budgets | |
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Prospective variable | |
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Macro vs micro level | |
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Conclusion | |
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Integrating the health care provider system | |
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Combinations of payment systems in primary and secondary care | |
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The�body�of the health care provider system | |
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Interventions: integration and incentives | |
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Conclusion | |
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Economic evaluation and priority setting | |
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Non-monetary effects and monetary benefits | |
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Incommensurable outcome measures | |
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Commensurable measures of health effects | |
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Production gains resulting from improved health | |
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The monetary value of improved health | |
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Threshold values and net monetary benefits | |
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Conclusion | |
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Costs and discounting | |
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Average vs marginal costs | |
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Identifying cost items: analysis viewpoint | |
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Health service costs | |
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Non-health service costs | |
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The discount rate | |
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Conclusion | |
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Equity issues: going beyond CBA and ICER | |
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Productivity changes and willingness to pay vary with income | |
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Health gains: size and distribution matter | |
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Severity: equality in prospective health | |
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Age: equality in total health | |
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Causes of ill health | |
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Consequences beyond patients� health gains | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Index | |