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Preface | |
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Passive vision and active vision | |
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Introduction | |
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Passive vision | |
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Visual attention | |
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Active vision | |
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Active vision and vision for action | |
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Outline of the book | |
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Background to active vision | |
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Introduction | |
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The inhomogeneity of the visual projections | |
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Introduction | |
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Physiology of the visual projections | |
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Psychophysical performance in peripheral vision | |
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Comparison of psychophysical and physiological measures | |
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Parallel visual pathways | |
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Magnocellular and parvocellular systems | |
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Visual processing in the cortex | |
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The oculomotor system | |
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The muscles of the eye | |
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Classification of eye movements | |
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Saccadic eye movement | |
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Characteristic of saccades | |
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Combining saccadic movements with pursuit and vergence | |
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Saccadic suppression | |
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Physiological pathways for saccadic eye movements | |
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Summary | |
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Visual selection, covert attention and eye movements | |
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Covert and overt attention | |
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Covert spatial attention | |
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Spotlights | |
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Zoom lens accounts of attention | |
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Late vs. early selection models of attention | |
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The visual benefits of covert spatial attention | |
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The relationship between covert and overt attention | |
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Klein's independence account | |
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The sequential attentional model | |
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The pre-motor theory of attention | |
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Speed of attention | |
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Neurophysiology of attention | |
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Non-spatial attention | |
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Attention to objects | |
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Attention to visual properties | |
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Active vision and attention | |
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Summary | |
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Visual orienting | |
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Introduction | |
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What determines the latency of orienting saccades? | |
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Target properties | |
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The gap effect | |
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The remote distractor effect | |
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Express saccades | |
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Variability in latencies | |
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Physiology of saccade initiation | |
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Burst and pause cells in the reticular formation | |
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Fixation, burst and buildup neurons in the superior colliculus | |
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Variability of saccade latencies | |
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What determines the landing position of orienting saccades? | |
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Corrective saccades | |
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The double step paradigm | |
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The double target paradigm | |
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Parallel processing of saccades | |
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Antisaccades | |
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Physiology of the WHERE system | |
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Spatial coding and the saccadic system | |
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The Findlay and Walker model | |
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Development and plasticity | |
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Visual sampling during text reading | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic patterns of visual sampling during reading | |
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Perception during fixations in reading | |
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Gaze-contingent methodologies | |
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Measurement of the perceptual span | |
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Preview benefit | |
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Language processing | |
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Lexical access: influences on the speed of word recognition | |
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Optimal viewing position | |
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Control of fixation duration | |
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Control of landing position | |
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Skipping words | |
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Can linguistic variables influence landing position within words? | |
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Theories of eye control during reading | |
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Models emphasizing non-cognitive factors | |
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Models driven by the lexical access process | |
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Evaluation | |
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Practical aspects of eye control in reading | |
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Reading and the physical characteristics of the text | |
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Dyslexia | |
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Overview | |
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Visual search | |
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Visual search tasks | |
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Theories of visual search | |
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Feature integration theory | |
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Guided search | |
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A late-selection model of visual search | |
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Overview of the models | |
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The need for eye movements in visual search | |
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Search without eye movement | |
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Visual search and the conspicuity area or visual lobe | |
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Eye movements in visual search | |
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Saccades in parallel and serial visual search | |
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Processing within an eye fixation during visual search | |
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Guidance of saccades in visual search | |
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Saccades in visual search: latencies and fixation durations | |
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Saccades in visual search: landing positions | |
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Ocular capture in visual search | |
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Saccades in visual search: scanpaths | |
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Physiology of visual search | |
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Summary | |
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Natural scenes and activities | |
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Introduction | |
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Early studies of picture scanning | |
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Average characteristics of eye movement patterns during picture viewing | |
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Scanpaths | |
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The gaze selects informative details | |
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Analytic studies of scene and object perception | |
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Scenes and objects | |
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Theories of object perception and scene perception | |
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Are eye movements necessary for scene and object perception? | |
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Object perception in peripheral vision | |
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Scene context and object perception | |
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Change blindness | |
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Dynamic scenes and situations | |
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Deictic vision | |
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Vision supporting everyday actions | |
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Summary | |
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Human neuropsychology | |
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Blindsight | |
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Neglect | |
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Balint's syndrome and dorsal simultanagnosia | |
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Frontal lobe damage | |
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Orienting without eye movements | |
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Peripheral neuropsychology | |
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Reading without eye movements | |
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Saccadic head movement | |
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Summary | |
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Space constancy and trans-saccadic integration | |
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The traditional approach: `compensatory taking into account' | |
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Trans-saccadic integrations | |
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Detection of displacement during saccades | |
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Trans-saccadic fusion | |
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Localisation of peri-saccadic probes | |
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Memory guidance of saccades | |
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Resolution of the conflicting results | |
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Target displacements during saccades can be detected under some circumstances | |
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A revised theory of space constancy and trans-saccadic integration | |
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The neurophysiology of trans-saccadic processes | |
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Conclusion: The Active Vision Cycle | |
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Future directions | |
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References | |
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Index | |