| |
| |
| List of abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic biological principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Connective tissue anatomy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cartilage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Osteoblasts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Osteocytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Osteoclasts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bone lining cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coupling of bone resorption and formation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of bone remodelling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanically induced strain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tissue effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compression loading versus tension loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation of resorption | |
| |
| |
| |
| The periodontal ligament | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dentofacial classification and ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Occlusal ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of occlusion and malocclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Facial ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soft tissue ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The assessment of orthodontic treatment results | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of dentofacial classification and ideals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removable appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| General principles of removable appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tooth movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appliance wear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appliance hygiene and care | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removable appliance design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard designs of contemporary removable appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removable retainer (Hawley) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Posterior expansion appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anterior crossbite | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space maintainer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suggested treatment visits for patients with various orthodontic appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commonest causes for no tooth movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anteroposterior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vertical | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transverse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patient compliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Growth of the face | |
| |
| |
| |
| Growth rotations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mode of action of functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dentoalveolar change | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soft tissue changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Timing of treatment using functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of commonly used functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clark twin block | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bionator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medium opening activator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frankel FR-II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Harvold | |
| |
| |
| |
| Herbst | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional appliance correction of Class II incisor relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Class II division 1 incisor relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Class II division 2 incisor relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional appliance correction of Class III incisor relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Management of functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Records and bite registration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitting the appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monitoring treatment progress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional appliance reactivation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Management following active functional appliance treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headgear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Components of headgear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extraoral anchorage (EOA) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extraoral traction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Centre of resistance and molar movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headgear to modify growth directions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headgear for the treatment of Class III incisor relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Headgear to the lower dentition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Facemasks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of malocclusions and headgears used | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loads applied in relation to root surface area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed appliance components | |
| |
| |
| |
| The preadjusted edgewise or Straight-wire appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Straight-wire bracket--design | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Straight-wire bracket--positioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Straight-wire bracket--common variations in design | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Straight-wire appliance--treatment phases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factors that can affect the stability of tooth positions following treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Archwire sequencing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The edgewise appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Begg appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Tip-Edge appliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lingual appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed appliances with removable and functional appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of fixed appliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Removable/functional appliance materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acrylic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wires | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed appliance materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Archwires | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brackets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bands | |
| |
| |
| |
| Banding and bonding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Banding and bonding materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastomeric products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auxiliary components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Debonding/debanding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of orthodontic materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multidisciplinary treatments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Restorative dentistry and orthodontics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relocating or closing space when teeth are absent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aligning teeth to provide a path of insertion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aligning the roots prior to the provision of an implant | |
| |
| |
| |
| Realigning periodontally involved teeth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oral and maxillofacial surgery in relation to orthodontics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minor oral surgery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orthognathic surgery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paediatric dentistry and orthodontics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleft lip and/or palate patients | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aetiology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Embryology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Incidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The role of the orthodontist in the management of the cleft patient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of multidisciplinary treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iatrogenic problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Local disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extraoral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intraoral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objectives | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |