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| List of Maps | |
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| Introduction: Why History? | |
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| About the Author | |
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| A Note to the Reader | |
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| Water and Soil, Stone and Metal: 10,000 BCE-2100 BCE | |
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| The Tigris and the Euphrates | |
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| Early Sumer: Kings and Warriors, Priests and Scribes | |
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| The Idea of Empire | |
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| Mesopotamian Life: Cities and Slaves, Letters and Numbers | |
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| Religion and Myth: The Great Above and Great Below | |
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| Ancient Egypt | |
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| Social Strata in Egypt | |
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| The Kingdom of the Dead | |
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| Law Givers, Evil Emperors, and Dangerous Gods: 2100 BCE-486 BCE | |
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| Old Babylon | |
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| Middle Kingdom Egypt | |
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| The New Kingdom Empire | |
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| The Indo-European Assault | |
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| The Age of Iron Begins, ca. 1200 BCE | |
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| Persia and the Religion of Fire | |
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| The Chosen People: 1200 BCE-538 BCE | |
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| A Great Nation | |
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| The Bible and History | |
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| The Land of Canaan | |
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| Dreams of a Golden Age | |
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| Women and the Law | |
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| Prophets and Prophecy | |
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| Priests and Rabbis | |
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| A Genius for Reinvention | |
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| Greeks and Persians: 2000 BCE-479 BCE | |
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| From Chaos to Tragedy | |
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| The Mycenaean World: Heroes and Kings | |
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| The End of an Age and Mythic Ancestors | |
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| Colonists, Hoplites, and Tyrants | |
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| A Cult of Masculinity | |
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| Sparta: The Militarization of the Citizenry | |
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| Miletus: A Merchant Oligarchy and the First Philosophers | |
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| Athenian Democracy | |
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| The Persian Wars | |
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| Hellenism and Second Temple Judaism: 499 BCE-142 BCE | |
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| The Classical Age | |
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| Women, Children, and Slaves | |
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| The Polis: Ritual and Restraint | |
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| Civilized Pursuits: Epic and Lyric Poetry | |
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| The Birth of Tragedy | |
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| The Peloponnesian Disaster | |
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| Medicine as Natural Law: Hippocrates | |
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| Mathematical Ordering and Sophistry | |
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| Socrates and the Meaningful Life | |
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| Plato and Ideal Forms | |
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| Aristotle and the Pursuit of Happiness | |
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| Alexander the Great | |
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| A Mongrel but Magnificent World | |
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| Second Temple Jews and Judaism | |
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| The Maccabean Revolt | |
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| The Empire of the Sea: Rome: 753 BCE-180 CE | |
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| Links to a Heroic Age | |
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| Republic, Property, and Family | |
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| The Republic of Virtue | |
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| Size Matters | |
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| Can the Republic Be Saved? | |
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| The Golden Age: The Augustan Era | |
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| The Sea, The Sea | |
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| Roman Lives and Values | |
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| The "Five Good Emperors" | |
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| Paganisms and Christianities: 40 BCE-305 CE | |
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| The Jesus Mystery | |
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| A Crisis in Tradition | |
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| Ministry and Movement | |
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| What Happened to His Disciples? | |
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| Christianities Everywhere | |
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| Romans in Pursuit | |
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| Pagan Vitality | |
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| Stoicism and Neoplatonism | |
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| The Early Middle Ages: 306-750 CE | |
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| The Imperial Crisis | |
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| Imperial Decline: Rome's Overreach | |
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| Martyrdom and Empire | |
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| A Christian Emperor and a Christian Church | |
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| The Rise of "New Rome" | |
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| A Splendid, Beleaguered Capital | |
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| "The Age of Ignorance" | |
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| The Islamic Revelation | |
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| From Preacher to Conqueror | |
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| Compulsion or Conversion? | |
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| Sunnis and Shi'a | |
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| Classical Traditions and Western Expansion | |
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| Barbarian Kings and Scholar-Monks | |
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| Divided Estates and Kingdoms | |
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| The Body as Money and Women as Property | |
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| Christian Paganism | |
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| Pockets of Intellectual Life | |
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| Reform and Renewal: 750-1258 | |
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| Two Palace Coups | |
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| The Carolingian Ascent | |
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| Charlemagne | |
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| Imperial Coronation | |
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| Carolingian Collapse | |
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| The Islamic Empire | |
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| Sunnis and Shi'a | |
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| The Quran and the Philosophers | |
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| The Splintering of the Caliphate | |
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| The Reinvention of Western Europe | |
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| Mediterranean Cities | |
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| The Reinvention of the Church | |
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| The Crusades | |
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| But Not a War against Islam | |
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| Parliaments and the Mamluk Empire | |
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| Judaism Reformed, Renewed, and Reviled | |
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| Worlds Brought Down: 1258-1453 | |
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| Late Medieval Europe | |
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| Scholasticism | |
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| Mysticism | |
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| The Guild System | |
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| The Mendicant Orders | |
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| Early Representative Government | |
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| Chivalry | |
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| The Hundred Years' War | |
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| The Plague | |
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| Conquest of the Islamic World | |
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| In the Wake of the Mongols | |
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| A New Center for Islam | |
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| Conservatism and Reaction | |
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| The Ottoman Turks | |
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| Persia under the Il-Khans | |
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| Renaissances and Reformations: 1350-1550 | |
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| "I Fixed upon Antiquity" | |
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| Classicism, Humanism, and Statecraft | |
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| The Political and Economic Matrix | |
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| The Renaissance Achievement | |
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| The Protestant Renaissance | |
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| Erasmus: Satirist and Itinerant Scholar | |
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| Martin Luther: The Gift of Salvation | |
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| Rebellion against the Church: "Ninety-Five Theses" | |
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| The Reformation Goes International | |
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| Scholars and Activists | |
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| Protestantism without Luther | |
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| Calvin: Protestantism as Theology | |
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| The Rebirth of Satire | |
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| Utopias and Book Burnings | |
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| Rabelais: The In-House Catholic Attack | |
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| The Last Crusades: 1492-1648 | |
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| The New World | |
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| New Continents and Profits | |
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| Conquest and Epidemics | |
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| New Crops and the Enclosure Movement | |
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| The Patriarchal Family | |
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| Sexual Morality | |
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| Enemies Within: Witches and Jews | |
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| The Jews of the East and West | |
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| Wars of Religion | |
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| The Peace of Augsburg and the Edict of Nantes | |
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| The Church of England | |
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| The Thirty Years' War | |
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| Wars of Religion: The Eastern Front | |
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| The Waning of the Sultanate | |
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| New Centers of Intellectual Life | |
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| The Ottomans: From Strife to Warfare | |
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| Science Breaks Out and Breaks Through: 1500-1700 | |
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| The Copernican Drama | |
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| Galileo and the Truth of Numbers | |
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| The Other Scientific Revolution | |
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| The Council of Trent, 1546-1563 | |
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| The Society of Jesus | |
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| Inquisition and Inquiry | |
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| The Revolution Broadens | |
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| The Ethical Costs of Science | |
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| The Islamic Retreat from Science | |
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| Thinking about Truth | |
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| Descartes and the Quest for Truth | |
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| Newton's Mathematical Principles | |
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| The Choices for Western Society | |
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| From Westphalia to Paris: Regimes Old and New: 1648-1750 | |
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| The Peace of Westphalia: 1648 | |
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| The Argument for Tyranny | |
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| The Social Contract | |
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| Absolute Politics | |
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| Police States | |
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| Self-indulgence with a Purpose | |
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| Mercantilism and Absolutism | |
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| Mercantilism and Poverty | |
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| Domesticating Dynamism: Regulating Culture | |
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| Decency and Modesty | |
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| The Birth of Private Life | |
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| The English Exception | |
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| Civil War and Restoration | |
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| Ottoman Might and Islamic Absolutism | |
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| Safavid Pleasures | |
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| The End of Order | |
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| The Slave Trade and Domestic Subjugation | |
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| The Return of Uncertainty | |
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| Reference Maps | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |